Record breaking observations find most remote protocluster of galaxies

The formation of the largest structures in the Universe is a longstanding problem

In the present universe, there are clusters of galaxies that have hundreds of member galaxies including tens of massive galaxies. Clusters of galaxies are the largest astronomical objects in the Universe. They are connected with each other and make up a huge network of galaxies called the "large-scale structure" of the Universe. Thus, clusters of galaxies are essential parts of the structure of the universe, and it is a major area of astronomy research how these clusters of galaxies formed and evolved through the 13,8 billion years long history of the universe.

Far away is also far back in time in astronomy

To understand the formation of clusters of galaxies, astronomers have searched for protoclusters of galaxies that are thought to be ancestors to todays cluster of galaxies. A protocluster is a dense system of tens of galaxies in the early universe, which is in the process of growing to a cluster. Finding and analyzing protoclusters in the early Universe is a crucial step to understanding formation and growth of galaxies in overdense regions. This is one of the outstanding problems in galaxy evolution. Professor Sune Toft from DAWN explains: "Searching the sky for structures like this protocluster is not actually about the record, even though it is rather impressive even to be able to find it. That is an accomplishment in itself. But finding the most distant protocluster is all about moving the limits for what we are able to see -- how far back in time are we able to establish a continuous baseline for our understanding of the development of the Universe? When we look far away, we also look back in time. That's why the record is scientifically significant."

The cosmic dawn

In this particular period in the history of the Universe, the cosmic dawn, a period of only half a billion years after the big bang, an enormous amount of activity is going on in the Universe. Galaxy formation can be studied closely, as the limited time frame reduces the amount of events that could influence galaxy formation. In other words, the array of possibilities for events forming galaxies is less wide. "We can basically limit our focus to fewer elements of the underlying physics taking place," Says Sune Toft. "If I were a detective investigating a murder, I'd want to find the body as soon as possible after the crime has been committed, in order to have fresh clues and unspoiled evidence. That's more or less the same situation here. Enormous astrophysical activity distributed over a short period of time, gives us a whole lot of observational material to work with, and not as many ifs and buts, as when we look at galaxy formation over a longer period of time."

The connection between dark matter and matter emitting light can be studied observationally

"Another very important aspect of the study, which to me is extremely fascinating, is that here, we can study the distribution of galaxies in the cosmic web, and relate what we see -- the light from the stars -- to the underlying distribution of dark matter. Dark matter really drives everything in the development of galaxies. We just can't see it. But if we become able to place the galaxies in the cosmic web and track the developments, then in turn we can see how dark matter impacts what we can see. That is really the big, unanswered question here. We actually don't know the precise relation between dark matter and matter that emits light at the moment. But studies like this provide us with tools to tackle this problem observationally," professor Sune Toft explains. "Unveiling the dark skeleton of the Universe is really the ultimate goal we have before us with this."