Sensor enables high-fidelity input from everyday objects, human body

The system repurposes technology from new bone-conduction microphones, known as Voice Pickup Units (VPUs), which detect only those acoustic waves that travel along the surface of objects. It works in noisy environments, along odd geometries such as toys and arms, and on soft fabrics such as clothing and furniture.

Called SAWSense, for the surface acoustic waves it relies on, the system recognizes different inputs, such as taps, scratches and swipes, with 97% accuracy. In one demonstration, the team used a normal table to replace a laptop's trackpad.

"This technology will enable you to treat, for example, the whole surface of your body like an interactive surface," said Yasha Iravantchi, U-M doctoral candidate in computer science and engineering. "If you put the device on your wrist, you can do gestures on your own skin. We have preliminary findings that demonstrate this is entirely feasible."

Taps, swipes and other gestures send acoustic waves along the surfaces of materials. The system then classifies these waves with machine learning to turn all touch into a robust set of inputs. The system was presented last week at the 2023 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, where it received a best paper award.

As more objects continue to incorporate smart or connected technology, designers are faced with a number of challenges when trying to give them intuitive input mechanisms. This results in a lot of clunky incorporation of input methods such as touch screens, as well as mechanical and capacitive buttons, Iravantchi says. Touch screens may be too costly to enable gesture inputs across large surfaces like counters and refrigerators, while buttons only allow one kind of input at predefined locations.

Past approaches to overcome these limitations have included the use of microphones and cameras for audio- and gesture-based inputs, but the authors say techniques like these have limited practicality in the real world.

"When there's a lot of background noise, or something comes between the user and the camera, audio and visual gesture inputs don't work well," Iravantchi said.

To overcome these limitations, the sensors powering SAWSense are housed in a hermetically sealed chamber that completely blocks even very loud ambient noise. The only entryway is through a mass-spring system that conducts the surface-acoustic waves inside the housing without ever coming in contact with sounds in the surrounding environment. When combined with the team's signal processing software, which generates features from the data before feeding it into the machine learning model, the system can record and classify the events along an object's surface.

"There are other ways you could detect vibrations or surface-acoustic waves, like piezo-electric sensors or accelerometers," said Alanson Sample, U-M associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science, "but they can't capture the broad range of frequencies that we need to tell the difference between a swipe and a scratch, for instance."

The high fidelity of the VPUs allows SAWSense to identify a wide range of activities on a surface beyond user touch events. For instance, a VPU on a kitchen countertop can detect chopping, stirring, blending or whisking, as well as identifying electronic devices in use such as a blender or microwave.

"VPUs do a good job of sensing activities and events happening in a well-defined area," Iravantchi said. "This allows the functionality that comes with a smart object without the privacy concerns of a standard microphone that senses the whole room, for example."

When multiple VPUs are used in combination, SAWSense could enable more specific and sensitive inputs, especially those that require a sense of space and distance like the keys on a keyboard or buttons on a remote.

In addition, the researchers are exploring the use of VPUs for medical sensing, including picking up delicate noises such as the sounds of joints and connective tissues as they move. The high-fidelity audio data VPUs provide could enable real-time analytics about a person's health, Sample says.

The research is partially funded by Meta Platforms Inc.

The team has applied for patent protection with the assistance of U-M Innovation Partnerships and is seeking partners to bring the technology to market.