Red-supergiant supernova: Secrets of an earlier Universe

The paper is published in Nature, the world's leading peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary science journal.

"This is the first detailed look at a supernova at a much earlier epoch of the Universe's evolution," said Patrick Kelly, a lead author of the paper and an associate professor in the University of Minnesota School of Physics and Astronomy. "It's very exciting because we can learn in detail about an individual star when the Universe was less than a fifth of its current age, and begin to understand if the stars that existed many billions of years ago are different from the ones nearby."

The red supergiant in question was about 500 times larger than the sun, and it's located at redshift three, which is about 60 times farther away than any other supernova observed in this detail.

Using data from the Hubble Space Telescope with follow-up spectroscopy using the University of Minnesota's access to the Large Binocular Telescope, the researchers were able to identify multiple detailed images of the red supergiant because of a phenomenon called gravitational lensing, where mass, such as that in a galaxy, bends light. This magnifies the light emitted from the star.

"The gravitational lens acts as a natural magnifying glass and multiplies Hubble's power by a factor of eight," Kelly said. "Here, we see three images. Even though they can be seen at the same time, they show the supernova as it was at different ages separated by several days. We see the supernova rapidly cooling, which allows us to basically reconstruct what happened and study how the supernova cooled in its first few days with just one set of images. It enables us to see a rerun of a supernova."

The researchers combined this discovery with another one of Kelly's supernova discoveries from 2014 to estimate how many stars were exploding when the Universe was a small fraction of its current age. They found that there were likely many more supernovae than previously thought.

"Core-collapse supernovae mark the deaths of massive, short-lived stars. The number of core-collapse supernovae we detect can be used to understand how many massive stars were formed in galaxies when the Universe was much younger," said Wenlei Chen, first author of the paper and a postdoctoral researcher in the University of Minnesota School of Physics and Astronomy.

The research was funded by the National Science Foundation; the Hubble Space Telescope Cycle 27 Archival Research and Frontier Fields program; the World Premier International Research Center Initiative, MEXT, Japan; the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation; the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel; the Christopher R. Redlich Fund; and the University of California, Berkeley Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science.

In addition to Kelly and Chen, the research team included University of Minnesota School of Physics and Astronomy researcher Najmeh Emami; University of Tokyo researcher Masamune Oguri; University of the Basque Country research professor Thomas Broadhurst; Instituto de Física de Cantabria researcher Jose Diego; University of California, Berkeley professor Alexei Filippenko; University of California, Los Angeles professor Tommaso Treu; and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev associate professor Adi Zitrin.