Shadow of cosmic water cloud reveals the temperature of the young universe

The scientists used the NOEMA (Northern Extended Millimeter Array) observatory in the French Alps, the most powerful radio telescope in the Northern Hemisphere, to observe HFLS3, a massive starburst galaxy at a distance corresponding to an age of only 880 million years after the Big Bang. They discovered a screen of cold water gas that casts a shadow on the cosmic microwave background radiation. The shadow appears because the colder water absorbs the warmer microwave radiation on its path towards Earth, and its darkness reveals the temperature difference. As the temperature of the water can be determined from other observed properties of the starburst, the difference indicates the temperature of the Big Bang's relic radiation, which at that time was about seven times higher than in the Universe today.

'Besides proof of cooling, this discovery also shows us that the Universe in its infancy had some quite specific physical characteristics that no longer exist today,' said lead author Professor Dr Dominik Riechers from the University of Cologne's Institute of Astrophysics. 'Quite early, about 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang, the cosmic microwave background was already too cold for this effect to be observable. We have therefore a unique observing window that opens up to a very young Universe only,' he continued. In other words, if a galaxy with otherwise identical properties as HFLS3 were to exist today, the water shadow would not be observable because the required contrast in temperatures would no longer exist.

'This important milestone not only confirms the expected cooling trend for a much earlier epoch than has previously been possible to measure, but could also have direct implications for the nature of the elusive dark energy,' said co-author Dr Axel Weiss from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR) in Bonn. Dark energy is thought to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the Universe over the past few billion years, but its properties remain poorly understood because it cannot be directly observed with the currently available facilities and instruments. However, its properties influence the evolution of cosmic expansion, and hence the cooling rate of the Universe over cosmic time. Based on this experiment, the properties of dark energy remain -- for now -- consistent with those of Einstein's 'cosmological constant'. 'That is to say, an expanding Universe in which the density of dark energy does not change,' explained Weiss.

Having discovered one such cold water cloud in a starburst galaxy in the early Universe, the team is now setting out to find many more across the sky. Their aim is to map out the cooling of the Big Bang echo within the first 1.5 billion years of cosmic history. 'This new technique provides important new insights into the evolution of the Universe, which are very difficult to constrain otherwise at such early epochs,' Riechers said.

'Our team is already following this up with NOEMA by studying the surroundings of other galaxies,' said co-author and NOEMA project scientist Dr Roberto Neri. 'With the expected improvements in precision from studies of larger samples of water clouds, it remains to be seen if our current, basic understanding of the expansion of the Universe holds.'

Dominik Riechers (University of Cologne) conducted the study together with his colleagues Axel Weiss (Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, MPIfR), Fabian Walter (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, MPIA), Christopher L. Carilli (National Radio Astronomy Observatory, NRAO), Pierre Cox (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, IAP, and Sorbonne Université), Roberto Decarli (INAF -- Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio), and Roberto Neri (Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique, IRAM).

The study was funded by the US National Science Foundation, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the Max Planck Society, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Instituto Geográfico Nacional.