Drivers respond to pre-crash warnings with levels of attentive 'gaze'

A team of engineers at the University of Missouri conducted open road testing of three collision avoidance systems and demonstrated that a drivers' visual behavior in response to an alert generated from a collision avoidance system can be divided into one of four different behavioral categories: active gaze, self-conscious gaze, attentive gaze and ignored gaze.

• Active gaze: Driver takes immediate action in response to an alert.
• Self-conscious gaze: Driver is already aware of the situation that triggers the alert and doesn't react.
• Attentive gaze: Driver is aware of the alert but deems it's not serious, so the alert is ignored.
• Ignored gaze: Driver doesn't respond because the alert is bothersome to the driver.

Jung Hyup Kim, an assistant professor in the College of Engineering and the study's author, said similar studies used driving simulators and closed-course tracks for testing, but this is one of the first studies to use open road, or real world, conditions. The study tracked a group of college-age male drivers as they tested each system on 9.3 miles of open roads that reflect the typical driving experience for their age group -- streets near the Mizzou campus, other surrounding city streets and highways.

"If you truly want to evaluate the effectiveness of this technology, you also have to understand how drivers will respond to alerts, because every auto company develops their own guidelines for generating an alert," said Kim, whose appointment is in the Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Department. "Therefore, by better understanding a driver's visual behavior in response to an alert, this information could help auto companies develop more user-friendly systems and lead to less of a chance that a driver ignores or turns off a collision avoidance system."

Each participant was filmed responding to alerts by the collision avoidance system while driving. A combination of cameras was used -- a pair of specialized eye glasses worn by the driver to capture eye movement, a 360-degree camera mounted on the vehicle's roof and a camera pointed at the driver from the passenger side door to capture arm and leg movements. A GPS camera mounted on the windshield also logged the vehicle's speed and location.

Kim analyzed each video seven seconds before and after an alert occurred. He said a limitation of the study was the age group and demographics of the drivers, and future plans include incorporating more drivers of different ages and demographics.

"As time goes by, drivers get older, and their response times are likely to be slower and more delayed," Kim said. "Therefore, if we can collect data from maybe a thousand drivers and use a range of different ages and demographics, then that information might be beneficial for auto companies."