Hazardous patterns of prescription opioid misuse in the US

For the 12 percent of misusers, almost 60 percent had misused their own prescription opioids exclusively (27 percent) or with prescribed opioids obtained without a prescription from a nonmedical source (31 percent). Most without-prescription-only misusers (88 percent) obtained their last prescription opioids from a friend or relative. Almost all prescription-only misusers (98 percent) obtained their last prescription opioid from one doctor.

"Identifying the characteristics of prescription opioids misusers compared with those who use opioids only as prescribed is crucial for understanding who is most at risk for adverse outcomes from the drugs and for targeting prevention and treatment efforts," said Denise Kandel, PhD, professor of Sociomedical Sciences in Psychiatry at Columbia Mailman School.

Using data from the 2016-2017 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, the researchers compared exclusive medical prescription opioid users with three groups of misusers: misusers without prescriptions, misusers of ones' own prescriptions, and both types of misusers. The researchers also examined nicotine use and dependence, and past-12-month alcohol and marijuana use and disorder, defined per DSM-IV criteria for dependence or abuse.

The three most frequently misused prescription opioids were hydrocodone, oxycodone, and tramadol. Fentanyl was used medically to alleviate pain, especially among prescription-only misusers. Without-and-with-prescription misusers had the highest rates of heroin use. Misusers of opioids without prescriptions were younger than other groups.

"We found that misusers were more likely to be depressed than exclusive medical users," said Kandel. The data also showed that prescription opioid misusers were more likely to have been treated for alcohol, to have a marijuana disorder and to perceive drug use as less risky. "They also had higher rates of prescription opioid use disorder, heroin use, and benzodiazepine misuse -- a very hazardous pattern of substance use."

"Failure to obtain pain relief from medical regimen is a major motivating factor for opioid misuse and underscores the urgent need for patients' access to effective pain management," Kandel observed. "From a public health perspective, our findings suggest that strategies to reduce harm from prescription opioids must consider different types of users and misusers."

The longitudinal population data necessary to understand which prescription opioid users are most at risk for negative outcomes are unavailable. "Our study suggests that "prescription opioid misusers who misuse both their own prescriptions and prescription opioid drugs not prescribed to them may be most at risk for overdose."