Quantum logic clock returns to top performance

Physicists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have been quietly upgrading their quantum logic clock design for the past eight years, mainly to reduce errors from unwanted motion of the single aluminum ion (electrically charged atom) that provides the clock "ticks."

As described in Physical Review Letters, the quantum logic clock's systematic uncertainty (how closely the clock represents the ion's natural vibrations, or frequency) is 9.5×10⁻¹⁹, the best of any clock worldwide. This means the logic clock would now neither gain nor lose one second in 33 billion years, which is about two-and-a-half times the estimated age of the universe.

In this metric, it now outpaces both NIST clocks using neutral atoms trapped in lattices of laser beams, the ytterbium lattice clock and the strontium lattice clock.

"The logic clock's performance is not surprising to me," project leader David Leibrandt said. "Ion clocks are naturally better isolated from the environment -- which is the source of inaccuracy for atomic clocks -- than lattice clocks are. It's important to distinguish between precision and stability on this point. People expect that lattice clocks should perform the best in stability, and they currently do. Our newest quantum logic clock is the world leader in precision but not stability."

The logic clock's stability (how long it takes to measure the time) is 1.2×10⁻¹⁵ for a 1-second measurement, which is near the best achieved by a single ion clock but about 10 times worse than both NIST lattice clocks.

The quantum logic clock got its nickname because it borrows logical decision-making techniques from experimental quantum computing. Aluminum is an exceptionally stable source of clock ticks, vibrating between two energy levels over a million billion times per second, but its properties are not easily manipulated or detected with lasers. So, logic operations with a partner magnesium ion are used to cool the aluminum and to signal its ticks.

Back in 2010, NIST's quantum logic clock had the best performance of any experimental atomic clock. The clock also attracted attention for 2010 demonstrations of "time dilation" aspects of Einstein's theories of relativity: that time passes faster at higher elevations but more slowly when you move faster.

Since then, NIST's lattice clocks have been continually leapfrogging each other in performance, giving the impression of a race to identify a single winner. In fact, all the clocks are useful for research purposes and are possible contenders for future time standards or other applications.

The international definition of the second (in the International System of Units, or SI) has been based on the cesium atom since 1967, so cesium remains the "ruler" for official timekeeping. The logic clock is one contender for a future time standard to be selected by the international scientific community. NIST scientists are working on several different types of experimental clocks, each based on different atoms and offering its own advantages. All these experimental clocks are based on optical frequencies, which are higher than the microwave frequencies used in today's timekeeping standards based on cesium.

Several technical advances enabled the improved performance of the logic clock, including a new ion trap design that reduced heat-induced ion motion, enabling operation near the desirable ground state, or lowest motional energy level. In addition, a lower frequency was used to operate the ion trap, reducing unwanted ion motion caused by the electric field used to trap the ions. Finally, improved quantum control has reduced the uncertainty of measurements of frequency shifts due to ion motion.

The clock's precision was determined by measuring and adding up the frequency shifts caused by nine different effects. Stability was measured by comparison to NIST's ytterbium lattice clock.

Additional improvements in trap design and other features are planned to further improve performance. Already, NIST's three experimental clocks can be compared to improve measurements of possible changes in some of the fundamental "constants" of nature, a line of inquiry that has important implications for cosmology and tests of the laws of physics such as Einstein's theories of special and general relativity.