Children's gut bacteria may hold the key to diarrhea treatment

Our intestines are home to a microbiotic universe in which bacteria train our immune systems to be resilient, produce vitamins and transform the foods that we consume into beneficial compounds. Imbalances in this gut microbiome can be linked to various illnesses, including obesity, diabetes and diarrhea.

In developing countries, acute and chronic diarrhea is a widespread problem among children and leads to the deaths of half a million children under the age of five every year. Acute diarrhea often resolves on its own and can typically be treated with antibiotics. But once it progresses to a chronic form, it can leave children severely ill and underdeveloped, making treatment much harder. Until now, the cause of chronic diarrhea has remained unclear.

"Persistent diarrhea in adults can be extremely unpleasant but is rarely life-threatening. However, for a child, it can have lifelong consequences. While acute diarrhea has become much more treatable over the past fifty years, little progress has been made in treating the chronic type, which is what sparked our interest," explains Dennis Sandris Nielsen, a professor at the University of Copenhagen's Department of Food Science.

In a new study published in Nature Communications, Nielsen and his Ethiopian colleague Getnet Tesfaw mapped the gut microbiome of over 1,300 children under five years of age in Ethiopia. The study's main conclusion is clear: children with chronic or persistent diarrhea have significantly lower and different bacterial diversity compared to healthy children.

"Our results show a clear link between gut bacteria composition and the duration of diarrhea. Children with chronic diarrhea not only have more harmful bacteria, but notably fewer beneficial ones," explains Tesfaw, who will defend his PhD thesis on the topic later in November.

A vicious cycle of diarrhea

Researchers used DNA sequencing to identify various beneficial and harmful bacteria in stool samples. Results indicate that children with chronic diarrhea have an overrepresentation of harmful bacteria, such as Escherichia and Campylobacter, while the presence of beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium, is significantly reduced.

The study also revealed that children with chronic diarrhea lack bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids, which are typically produced by beneficial bacteria and play an essential role in gut health.

Acute diarrhea is defined as lasting from one to six days, while chronic diarrhea persists for a week or more. According to Nielsen, the results indicate that chronic diarrhea develops if beneficial, short-chain fatty acids producing microbes are lost to an extent that the children's gut microbiomes for unkonwon reasons fail to recover from after for instance antibiotic treatment for acute cases.

"The progression into persistent diarrhea seems to be driven by a loss of beneficial bacteria. We do not yet know the exact cause, but we speculate that while antibiotics may be necessary to treat acute diarrhea, they also kill off good gut bacteria. As a result, children may enter a vicious cycle where chronic diarrhea takes over because they don't consume the right foods to restore these beneficial bacteria," the researcher explains.

Local "superfood" to the rescue

The new mapping of gut bacteria in children with chronic diarrhea offers a deeper understanding of the problem's causes and makes it easier to develop new, targeted treatments that could restore a healthy gut microbiome.

According to Tesfaw, the primary focus of treatment should be on designing an optimal diet to help restore the microbiome in affected children. Ideally, this diet would be familiar to the local population, accessible and sustainable. The researchers already have a potential main ingredient in mind.

"In Ethiopia, they have a superfood grain called teff, which is rich in nutrients and fiber. It clearly has the potential to serve as a dietary supplement that could help stop chronic diarrhea," says Nielsen.

However, further studies are needed, and the researchers hope to secure funding for a new research project in the near future.