Earliest ancient Maya salt works excavated

Her key collaborator, Assistant Professor Elizabeth Sills at the University of Texas at Tyler, began working with McKillop as a master's student and then as a doctoral student at LSU.

Since their initial discovery of wood below the sea floor in Belize, the team has uncovered an extensive pattern of sites that include "salt kitchens" for boiling seawater in pots over a fire to make salt, residences for salt workers, and the remains of other pole and thatch buildings.

All were remarkably well preserved in red mangrove peat in shallow coastal lagoons. Since 2004, the LSU research team has mapped as many as 70 underwater sites, with 4,042 wooden posts marking the outlines of ancient buildings.

In 2023, the team returned to Belize to excavate a site called Jay-yi Nah, which curiously lacked the broken pots so common at other salt works, while a few pottery sherds were found.

"These resembled sherds from the nearby island site of Wild Cane Cay, which I had previously excavated," McKillop said. "So, I suggested to Sills that we survey Jay-yi Nah again for posts and sea floor artifacts."

After their excavations, McKillop stayed in a nearby town to study the artifacts from Jay-yi Nah. As reported in Antiquity, the materials they found contrasted with those from other nearby underwater sites, which had imported pottery, obsidian, and high-quality chert, or flint.

"At first, this was perplexing," McKillop said. "But a radiocarbon date on a post we'd found at Jay-yi Na provided an Early Classic date, 250-600 AD, and solved the mystery."

Jay-yi Nah turned out to be much older than the other underwater sites. Through their findings, the researchers learned Jay-yi Nah had developed as a local enterprise, without the outside trade connections that developed later during the Late Classic period (AD 650-800), when the inland Maya population reached its peak with a high demand for salt -- a basic biological necessity in short supply in the inland cities.

Jay-yi Nah had started as a small salt-making site, with ties to the nearby community on Wild Cane Cay that also made salt during the Early Classic period. Abundant fish bones preserved in anaerobic deposits at Wild Cane Cay suggest some salt was made there for salting fish for later consumption or trade.