Chemists boost eco-friendly battery performance using catalysts with unconventional phase nanostructures

The metal-carbon dioxide battery can provide durable electricity (high energy density) for electronics, and enable carbon dioxide (CO₂) fixation without extra energy consumption from an external circuit to convert CO₂ greenhouse gas emissions into value-added products . In particular, the lithium-carbon dioxide battery has high theoretical energy density (1876 Wh kg^-1), making it a promising candidate for next-generation high-performance energy conversion and storage technology.

However, metal-CO₂ batteries still suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics. This causes large over-potential (i.e., more voltage or energy is required than is theoretical determined to drive the oxidation-reduction reaction that makes the battery work), low energy efficiency, poor reversibility, and limited cycling stability.

Technical hurdles in traditional catalyst modification strategies

"Researchers commonly consider morphology, size, constituents and distribution of metal-based components in composite cathode catalysts to be the main concerns that lead to differences in battery performance," said Dr Fan Zhanxi, Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at CityU, and one of the leaders of the study. "But we found preparing novel catalysts with unconventional phases to be a feasible and promising strategy to boost the energy efficiency and performance of metal-gas batteries, especially since traditional modification strategies for catalysts have encountered long-term technical hurdles."

Dr Fan and his team accumulated extensive experience and knowledge related to the precise regulation of the crystal phase of metal-based nanomaterials, which enabled them to select suitable elements to construct their unconventional phases and subsequently study the effect of the crystal phase of catalysts on the reaction kinetics of a certain kind of aprotic (i.e., not involving hydrogen ions) metal-gas electrochemistry. "However, this does not mean that this process is easy to realize because it involves strict requirements on the bifunctionality of cathode catalysts in an organic environment," explained Dr Fan.

The team synthesized iridium nanostructures with an unconventional 4H/face-centred cubic (fcc) heterophase by controlling the growth kinetics of Ir on gold (Au) templates. In their experiments, the catalyst with 4H/fcc heterophase demonstrated a lower charge plateau (below 3.61 V) and higher energy efficiency up to 83.8% during cycling in aprotic Li-CO₂ batteries than other metal-based catalysts (commonly with charge potential of over 3.8 V and energy efficiency up to 75%).

Outstanding performance of unconventional phase metal nanomaterials

The combination of experiments and theoretical calculations conducted by the team revealed that 4H/fcc Ir nanostructures created through phase engineering are more favourable for the reversible formation of amorphous/low-crystalline discharge products, thereby lowering the overpotential and promoting the cycling stability of electrochemical redox reactions. The unusual phase 4H/fcc Ir nanostructures performed much better than common fcc Ir, and achieved outstanding charge potential and energy efficiency compared to other reported metal-based catalysts used in aprotic Li-CO₂ batteries.

"This study reveals the great potential of phase engineering of catalysts in metal-gas electrochemistry. It opens up a new direction to design catalysts for developing sustainable electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems," concluded Dr Fan.

The first authors are Mr Zhou Jingwen and Dr Liao Lingwen, from CityU, Dr Wang Tianshuai from The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), and Mr Chen Lin from China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP). The corresponding authors are Dr Fan Zhanxi, from CityU, Professor Zhao Tianshou, from HKUST, Professor Gu Lin, from the Institute of Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Professor Cheng Jianli, from CAEP. Other CityU team members include Professor Lee Chun-Sing, Dr Chen Bo, Dr Guan Zhiqiang, and a group of PhD students from the Department of Chemistry. The key funding sources were the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Innovation and Technology Commission (ITC) of Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Branch of the National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), and CityU.