Classic math conundrum solved: Superb algorithm for finding the shortest route

When heading somewhere new, most of us leave it to computer algorithms to help us find the best route, whether by using a car's GPS, or public transport and map apps on their phone. Still, there are times when a proposed route doesn't quite align with reality. This is because road networks, public transportation networks and other networks aren't static. The best route can suddenly be the slowest, e.g. because a queue has formed due to roadworks or an accident.

People probably don't think about the complicated math behind routing suggestions in these types of situations. The software being used is trying to solve a variant for the classic algorithmic "shortest path" problem, the shortest path in a dynamic network. For 40 years, researchers have been working to find an algorithm that can optimally solve this mathematical conundrum. Now, Christian Wulff-Nilsen of the University of Copenhagen's Department of Computer Science has succeeded in cracking the nut along with two colleagues.

"We have developed an algorithm, for which we now have mathematical proof, that it is better than every other algorithm up to now -- and the closest thing to optimal that will ever be, even if we look 1000 years into the future," says Associate Professor Wulff-Nilsen. The results were presented at the FOCS 2020 conference.

Optimally, in this context, refers to an algorithm that spends as little time and as little computer memory as possible to calculate the best route in a given network. This is not just true of road and transportation networks, but also the internet or any other type of network.

Networks as graphs

The researchers represent a network as a so-called dynamic graph." In this context, a graph is an abstract representation of a network consisting of edges, roads for example, and nodes, representing intersections, for example. When a graph is dynamic, it means that it can change over time. The new algorithm handles changes consisting of deleted edges -- for example, if the equivalent of a stretch of a road suddenly becomes inaccessible due to roadworks.

"The tremendous advantage of seeing a network as an abstract graph is that it can be used to represent any type of network. It could be the internet, where you want to send data via as short a route as possible, a human brain or the network of friendship relations on Facebook. This makes graph algorithms applicable in a wide variety of contexts," explains Christian Wulff-Nilsen.

Traditional algorithms assume that a graph is static, which is rarely true in the real world. When these kinds of algorithms are used in a dynamic network, they need to be rerun every time a small change occurs in the graph -- which wastes time.

More data necessitates better algorithms

Finding better algorithms is not just useful when travelling. It is necessary in virtually any area where data is produced, as Christian Wulff-Nilsen points out:

"We are living in a time when volumes of data grow at a tremendous rate and the development of hardware simply can't keep up. In order to manage all of the data we produce, we need to develop smarter software that requires less running time and memory. That's why we need smarter algorithms," he says.

He hopes that it will be possible to use this algorithm or some of the techniques behind it in practice, but stresses that this is theoretical evidence and first requires experimentation.

Background

• The research article "Near-Optimal Decremental SSSP in Dense Weighted Digraphs" was presented at the prestigious FOCS 2020 conference.
• The article was written by Christian Wulff-Nilsen, of the University of Copenhagen's Department of Computer Science, and former Department of Computer Science PhD student Maximillian Probst Gutenberg and assistant professor Aaron Bernstein of Rutgers University.
• The version of the "shortest path" problem that the researchers solved is called "The Decremental Single-Source Shortest Path Problem." It is essentially about maintaining the shortest paths in a changing dynamic network from one starting point to all other nodes in a graph. The changes to a network consist of edge removals.
• The paper gives a mathematical proof that the algorithm is essentially the optimal one for dynamic networks. On average, users will be able to change routes according to calculations made in constant time.