A lithium battery that operates at -70 degrees Celsius, a record low

While batteries can operate in relatively cold climates, they have their limits. Most perform at only 50% of their optimal level when the temperature hits -20 degrees Celsius, and by -40 degrees Celsius, lithium-ion batteries only have about 12% of their room temperature capacity. This can be severely limiting when it comes to operating batteries in space, where temperatures can dip to -157 degrees Celsius, or even in parts of Canada and Russia, where temperatures can be lower than -50 degrees Celsius.

But a team of battery researchers have found a design that can function even where other batteries might fail. "It is well known that both the electrolyte (the chemical medium that carries ions between electrodes) and electrodes (the positively charged cathode and negatively charged anode) have great influence on the battery performance," says Dr. Yong-yao Xia, a battery researcher at the Department of Chemistry of Fudan University in Shanghai, China.

When it gets cold, the ester-based conventional electrolytes that lithium-ion batteries often use become sluggish conductors and the electrochemical reactions that occur at the interface of the electrolyte and the electrode struggle to continue -- meaning that lithium-ion batteries don't hold up too well in ultra-chilly climates. It's a problem that has consistently vexed researchers.

The team experimented with using an ester (ethyl acetate)-based electrolyte, which has a low freezing point that enables it to conduct a charge even at extremely low temperatures. For the electrodes, they used two organic compounds -- a polytriphenylamine (PTPAn) cathode and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA)-derived polyimide (PNTCDA) anode. Unlike the electrodes used in lithium-ion batteries, these organic compounds don't rely on intercalation -- the process of continuously integrating ions into their molecular matrix, which slows down as the temperature drops.

"Benefitting from the ethyl acetate-based electrolyte and organic polymers electrodes, the rechargeable battery can work well at the ultra-low temperature of -70 degrees Celsius," Xia says.

Xia and his team believe this may be a more elegant solution than alternative attempts to boost lithium-ion battery function in extreme temperatures. Other battery researchers have tried to remedy the issue by developing additives to externally heat the batteries or by using a liquefied gas electrolyte, but these solutions require additional materials that add extra weight.

Xia thinks the composition of the battery has plenty of other production-friendly qualities, too. "Compared to the transition-metal-containing electrodes materials in conventional lithium-ion batteries, organic materials are abundant, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly," he says. He estimates the price of the electrode materials at about one third of the price of electrodes in a lithium-ion battery.

However, the battery will still require some tweaking before it is ready to leave the lab. Xia believes the specific energy (the energy per unit mass) of the battery is still low compared with commercialized lithium-ion batteries, and the assembly process needs to be further optimized."But even though it has low specific energy, it provides the most promising potential in special field applications," Xia says.

The authors acknowledge funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Key Research and Development Plan.