Molecular interactions: Spirals and waves

Living matter often shows characteristics that are absent in simpler physical systems. A typical example is the asymmetrical interaction between different particle species: one type of molecule might be attracted by the other, which in turn is repelled -- just like a predator chases its prey which in turn tries to escape. This phenomenon is called non-reciprocal interaction and can give rise to fascinating patterns on a larger scale, as has been shown previously. The resulting macroscopic pattern often resembles structures that are essential for the overall functionality of the system, for example a living cell.

In a new study, Navdeep Rana and Ramin Golestanian investigated the interplay between non-reciprocity and the formation of defects, which influences the resulting patterns. "Typically, stronger non-reciprocity causes higher activity and is thus associated with less order in the system," explains Rana. "However, we found that in fact the opposite is true and well-ordered wave patterns are formed when non-reciprocity exceeds a certain level." Thus, the new study highlights the importance of non-reciprocity in eliminating defects in active systems to create ordered structures.

The scientists used simulations to probe the physical properties of the naturally occurring defects that disrupt order, just like the dislocations in the metal that is used to make spoons. "While a non-equilibrium drive in the form of repeated bending of a spoon creates more entangled defects and weakens its strength until it breaks, non-reciprocal interactions drive the system towards the path of eliminating the defects and creating perfect order." adds Golestanian. "This remarkable property opens many avenues for applications of non-reciprocal active matter systems," he concludes.

Overall, the study reveals fundamental physical principles underlying the organization of active matter -- which are important for the formation of life.