Large emissions from ship scrubbers

The researchers' study is unique in its kind and was commissioned by the Swedish Transport Agency and the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management to investigate the environmental impact from scrubbers in the Baltic Sea, compared to other sources of environmental contaminants. One of the researchers behind the study is Ida-Maja Hassellöv, Professor and researcher at the Division of Maritime Studies at Chalmers University of Technology:

"For many years, we've flagged the fact that scrubbers account for disproportionately large emissions of hazardous and acidifying substances into the marine environment. In spite of this message, we have seen a significant increase in the number of scrubber installations as it is economically beneficial for the shipowner. Therefore, it is very important that authorities and decision-makers now react and implement measures to reduce shipping's emissions and impact on the marine environment," says Ida-Maja Hassellöv.

A growing marine environmental problem

A scrubber is used on ships to clean exhaust gases, primarily to reduce emissions of sulphur oxides to the atmosphere. However, washing the exhaust gases in seawater trap other contaminants in the seawater and results in the release of hazardous substances to the marine environment.

In the Chalmers study, published in the Marine Pollution Bulletin, the researchers found that more than 200 million cubic meters of environmentally hazardous scrubber water were discharged from ships that used exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea -- in just one year. The study showed that scrubber wash water accounts for up to 9 percent of the emissions of certain cancer-causing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the Baltic Sea. The study also revealed that ships painted with copper-based antifouling paints account for a third of the total supply of copper to the Baltic Sea. Copper in antifouling paints is already a known environmental problem as the metal cannot be degraded in the environment and therefore leads to high levels in water, sediment, and soil. But exactly how much of the load of copper boat and ship traffic accounts for, has previously been unknown. Also, the cancer-causing PAHs are difficult to degrade and can spread widely in the environment before breaking down.

Erik Ytreberg, Associate Professor and researcher at the Division of Maritime Studies at Chalmers University of Technology, is the lead author of the scientific study:

"Our results show that shipping accounts for a significant proportion of hazardous substances to the Baltic Sea, above all through antifouling paints and discharge of wash water from open loop scrubbers. PAHs are highly toxic to both humans and aquatic organisms as they are, among other things, carcinogenic. Worth noting is that the study's data was collected in 2018, and at that time there were approximately 180 ships with scrubbers in the Baltic Sea. Since then, these ships have increased significantly and in 2021 there were almost 600 ships equipped with scrubbers in the Baltic Sea," says Erik Ytreberg.

Proposal for a future ban

The new research results have led the Swedish Transport Agency and the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management to propose a ban on the discharge of so-called scrubber water into the internal waters of the Baltic Sea. If the Swedish politicians follow the line of the researchers and the authorities, Sweden will be the first country in the Nordic region to introduce the ban.

Today, scrubbers are installed on over 4,000 ships around the world. In the Baltic Sea area, only Germany already applies the same legislation, even though several other countries in Europe regulate scrubber discharges in their ports. The Chalmers researchers welcome the proposal but hope for even more extensive regulation in the future.

"The proposal that Sweden should ban the discharge of wash water into Swedish inland waters is good, but at the same time it means that only 1-2 percent of the discharges that occur from scrubbers in the Baltic Sea today will be regulated. Sweden could also propose a ban in our territorial waters, which would mean that roughly 15-17 percent of emissions to the Baltic Sea could be regulated. But the biggest effect would obviously come from an international ban, where all the countries around the Baltic Sea agree on a joint regulation of the discharge of scrubber water," says Erik Ytreberg.

More about the study and the research

• The scientific article Metal and PAH loads from ships and boats, relative other sources, in the Baltic Sea has been published in the Marine Pollution Bulletin. It is written by Erik Ytreberg, Katarina Hansson, Anna Lunde Hermansson, Rasmus Parsmo, Maria Lagerström, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen and Ida-Maja Hassellöv. The researchers work at Chalmers University of Technology, IVL Swedish Environmental Institute and the Meteorological Institute in Finland.
• The study shows the total contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals to the Baltic Sea, are broken down by different human sectors -- i.e., coastal industries, ships, recreational boats -- and runoff from rivers, other watercourses as well as from atmospheric deposition.
• The emissions from shipping have been modeled using a model called STEAM (Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model). The model uses the system AIS (Automatic Identification System), which is intended to identify ship positions in real time. By connecting various databases with information on ships equipped with scrubbers, the researchers have been able to model the emission volumes and amounts of hazardous substances the ships release into the Baltic Sea.
• The study's data was collected in 2018. At that time, there were approximately 180 ships equipped with scrubbers in the Baltic Sea. By 2021, the number of ships with scrubbers in the Baltic Sea had increased to almost 600 ships.
• The research has been funded by the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management and the European Research Council (ERC) and is part of the EMERGE project.

More background, facts and concepts

• Today, scrubbers are used by approximately 4,000 ships around the world, which is 16 percent of all container ships and a third of all cruise ships.
• "Internal waters" are the water areas that lie inside a country's baseline. If the coast is completely straight, internal water is the same as the shoreline. In water areas in which there are many islands and deep bays, the baseline is drawn straight between the extreme points. This means that all water within an archipelago is to be considered internal water.