Proteins and natural language: Artificial intelligence enables the design of novel proteins

Natural languages and proteins are actually similar in structure. Amino acids arrange themselves in a multitude of combinations to form structures that have specific functions in the living organism -- similar to the way words form sentences in different combinations that express certain facts. In recent years, numerous approaches have therefore been developed to use principles and processes that control the computer-assisted processing of natural language in protein research. "Natural language processing has made extraordinary progress thanks to new AI technologies. Today, models of language processing enable machines not only to understand meaningful sentences but also to generate them themselves. Such a model was the starting point of our research. With detailed information concerning about 50 million sequences of natural proteins, my colleague Noelia Ferruz trained the model and enabled it to generate protein sequences on its own. It now understands the language of proteins and can use it creatively. We have found that these creative designs follow the basic principles of natural proteins," says Prof. Dr. Birte Höcker, Head of the Protein Design Group at the University of Bayreuth.

The language processing model transferred to protein evolution is called "ProtGPT2." It can now be used to design proteins that adopt stable structures through folding and are permanently functional in this state. In addition, the Bayreuth biochemists have found out, through complex investigations, that the model can even create proteins that do not occur in nature and have possibly never existed in the history of evolution. These findings shed light on the immeasurable world of possible proteins and open a door to designing them in novel and unexplored ways. There is a further advantage: Most proteins that have been designed de novo so far have idealised structures. Before such structures can have a potential application, they usually must pass through an elaborate functionalization process -- for example by inserting extensions and cavities -- so that they can interact with their environment and take on precisely defined functions in larger system contexts. ProtGPT2, on the other hand, generates proteins that have such differentiated structures innately, and are thus already operational in their respective environments.

"Our new model is another impressive demonstration of the systemic affinity of protein design and natural language processing. Artificial intelligence opens up highly interesting and promising possibilities to use methods of language processing for the production of customised proteins. At the University of Bayreuth, we hope to contribute in this way to developing innovative solutions for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and ecological problems," says Prof. Dr. Birte Höcker.