Stretching changes the electronic properties of graphene

Graphene consists of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The material is very flexible and has excellent electronic properties, making it attractive for numerous applications -- electronic components in particular.

Researchers led by Professor Christian Schönenberger at the Swiss Nanoscience Institute and the Department of Physics at the University of Basel have now studied how the material's electronic properties can be manipulated by mechanical stretching. In order to do this, they developed a kind of rack by which they stretch the atomically thin graphene layer in a controlled manner, while measuring its electronic properties.

Sandwiches on the rack

The scientists first prepared a "sandwich" comprising a layer of graphene between two layers of boron nitride. This stack of layers, furnished with electrical contacts, was placed on a flexible substrate.

The researchers then applied a force to the center of the sandwich from below using a wedge. "This enabled us to bend the stack in a controlled way, and to elongate the entire graphene layer," explained lead author Dr. Lujun Wang.

"Stretching the graphene allowed us to specifically change the distance between the carbon atoms, and thus their binding energy," added Dr. Andreas Baumgartner, who supervised the experiment.

Altered electronic states

The researchers first calibrated the stretching of the graphene using optical methods. They then used electrical transport measurements to study how the deformation of the graphene changes the electronic energies. The measurements need to be performed at minus 269°C for the energy changes to become visible.

"The distance between the atomic nuclei directly influences the properties of the electronic states in graphene," said Baumgartner, summarizing the results. "With uniform stretching, only the electron velocity and energy can change. The energy change is essentially the 'scalar potential' predicted by theory, which we have now been able to demonstrate experimentally."

These results could lead, for example, to the development of new sensors or new types of transistors. In addition, graphene serves as a model system for other two-dimensional materials that have become an important research topic worldwide in recent years.