New method measures super-fast, free electron laser pulses

"This work has the potential to lead to a new online diagnostic for FELs, where the exact pulse shape of each light pulse can be determined. That information can help both the end-user and the accelerator scientists," said Pamela Bowlan, Los Alamos National Laboratory's lead researcher on the project. The paper was published April 12, 2021 in Optica. "This work also paves the way for measuring x-ray pulses or femtosecond time-resolved x-ray images."

Free electron lasers, which are driven by kilometer-long linear accelerators, emit bursts of short-wavelength light lasting one quadrillionth of a second. As a result, they can act as strobe lights for viewing the fastest events in nature -- atomic or molecular motion -- and therefore promise to revolutionize our understanding of almost any kind of matter.

Measuring such a vanishingly rapid burst of ionizing radiation has previously proved challenging. But while electronics are too slow to measure these light pulses, optical effects can be essentially instantaneous. Squeezing all of the energy of a continuous laser into short pulses means that femtosecond laser pulses are extremely bright and have the ability to modify a material's absorption or refraction, creating effectively instantaneous "optical shutters."

This idea has been widely used for measuring visible-light femtosecond laser pulses. But the higher-frequency extreme ultraviolet light from FELs interacts with matter differently; this light is ionizing, meaning that it pulls electrons out of their atoms. The researchers showed that ionization itself can be used as a "femtosecond optical shutter" for measuring extreme ultraviolet laser pulses at 31 nanometers.

"Ionization typically changes the optical properties of a material for nanoseconds, which is 10,000 times slower than the FEL pulse duration," Bowlan said. "But the duration of the rising edge of ionization, determined by how long it takes the electron to leave the atom, is significantly faster. This resulting change in the optical properties can act as the fast shutter needed to measure the FEL pulses."