Using air to amplify light

Squaring the circle

Today's optical fibers usually have a solid glass core, so there's no air inside. Light can travel along the fibers but loses half of its intensity after 15 kilometers. It keeps weakening until it can hardly be detected at 300 kilometers. So to keep the light moving, it has to be amplified at regular intervals.

Thévenaz's approach is based on new hollow-core optical fibers that are filled with either air or gas. "The air means there's less attenuation, so the light can travel over a longer distance. That's a real advantage," says the professor. But in a thin substance like air, the light is harder to amplify. "That's the crux of the problem: light travels faster when there's less resistance, but at the same time it's harder to act on. Luckily, our discovery has squared that circle."

From infrared to ultraviolet

So what did the researchers do? "We just added pressure to the air in the fiber to give us some controlled resistance," explains Fan Yang, postdoctoral student. "It works in a similar way to optical tweezers -- the air molecules are compressed and form into regularly spaced clusters. This creates a sound wave that increases in amplitude and effectively diffracts the light from a powerful source towards the weakened beam so that it is amplified up to 100,000 times." Their technique therefore makes the light considerably more powerful. "Our technology can be applied to any type of light, from infrared to ultraviolet, and to any gas," he explains. Their findings have just been published in Nature Photonics.

An extremely accurate thermometer

Going forward, the technology could serve other purposes in addition to light amplification. Hollow-core or compressed-gas optical fibers could, for instance, be used to make extremely accurate thermometers. "We'll be able to measure temperature distribution at any point along the fiber. So if a fire starts along a tunnel, we'll know exactly where it began based on the increased temperature at a given point," says Flavien Gyger, PhD student. The technology could also be used to create a temporary optical memory by stopping the light in the fiber for a microsecond -- that's ten times longer than is currently possible.