Listeners get an idea of the personality of the speaker through his voice

In a large-scale study, Spanish listeners were asked to judge personality traits (trustworthiness, dominance, competence) just by hearing the voice of Spanish speakers producing the word "Hola" (native language) or Scottish speakers producing the word "Hello" (foreign language). Our work revealed four important results:

1. Ratings of perceived personality were highly consistent among listeners regardless of the language in which voices were evaluated. That is, listeners agree in their judgments of whether a given voice sounds aggressive or confident. This suggests that there must be certain invariant properties of the voice that indicate how trustworthy or competent a person is. This is in line with the idea that we can train ourselves to sound more or less competent, more or less dominant, depending on the context (e.g., job interviews).
2. After hearing just one word, listeners rapidly create a social voice space, where voices are grouped according to two main dimensions, one emphasizing traits of valence (trustworthiness, warmth) and other emphasizing strength (dominance, aggressiveness). These two personality dimensions are very relevant and respond to evolutionary pressures. Obtaining information about the intent of the others helps individuals to appropriately evaluate whether to approach or to avoid interaction with others.
3. The ability to form personality impressions is independent of the linguistic ability of listeners. Voices were group according to valence and strength irrespective of the language of the speaker, native or foreign. This result refuses old reports arguing that listeners tend to evaluate as more intelligent, kind or competent voices from the native than from the foreign language.
4. Listeners across languages do not pay attention to the same voice properties (e.g., pitch) when evaluating personality traits. In contrast to previous results relating low-pitch voices with dominance especially for males, Spanish listeners considered high-pitch voices as more dominant than low-pitch ones. In sum, the study reveals that social voice perception contains certain elements invariant across languages/cultures, while others are modulated by the cultural/linguistic background of the listeners.