Bursts of brain activity linked to memory reactivation

The team from Northwestern and Princeton universities set out to find more direct and precisely timed evidence for the involvement of one particular sleep wave -- known as the "sleep spindle."

In the study, sleep spindles, described as bursts of brain activity typically lasting around one second, were linked to memory reactivation. The paper, "Sleep spindle refractoriness segregates periods of memory reactivation," will be published May 24 in the journal Current Biology.

"The most novel aspect of our study is that we found these spindles occur rhythmically -- about every three to six seconds -- and this rhythm is related to memory," said James W. Antony, first author of the study and a postdoctoral fellow in Princeton's Computational Memory Lab.

Three experiments explored how recent memories are reactivated during sleep. While volunteers took an afternoon nap, sound cues were surreptitiously played. Each was linked to a specific memory. The researchers' final experiment showed that if cues were presented at opportune times such that spindles could follow them, the linked memories were more likely to be retained. If they were presented when a spindle was unlikely to follow, the linked memories were more likely to be forgotten.

"One particularly remarkable aspect of the study was that we were able to monitor spindles moment by moment while people slept," said Ken A. Paller, senior author of the study and professor of psychology at Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. "Therefore, we could know when the brain was most ready for us to prompt memory reactivation."

If the researchers reminded people of a recently learned fact, a spindle would likely be evident in the cerebral cortex, and memory for that information would be improved, added Paller, also director of Northwestern's Cognitive Neuroscience Program.

"In memory research, we know it's important to segregate experiences while you're awake so that everything doesn't just blend together," said Antony, who worked in Paller's lab at Northwestern as a doctoral student. "If that happens, you may have difficulty retrieving information because so many things will come to mind at once. We believe the spindle rhythmicity shown here might play a role in segregating successive memory reactivations from each other, preventing overlap that might cause later interference between memories."

Ultimately, the researchers' goal is to understand how sleep affects memory under natural conditions, and how aging or disease can impact these functions.

"With that goal in mind, we've helped elucidate the importance of sleep spindles more generally," Antony said.

Paller said they are on the trail of the physiology of memory reactivation.

"Future work will be needed to see how spindles fit together with other aspects of the physiology of memory and will involve other types of memory testing and other species," Paller said.

In addition to Antony and Paller, co-authors are Luis Piloto, Margaret Wang, Paula Pacheco and Kenneth A. Norman, all of Princeton.