How do toddlers learn best from touchscreens?

"Our experiments are a reminder that just because touchscreens allow for physical interaction, it doesn't mean that it's always beneficial," says Dr. Colleen Russo-Johnson, lead author of the study and who completed this work as a graduate student at Vanderbilt University.

Smartphones and tablets have become so pervasive that, even in lower-income households, 90% of American children have used a touchscreen by the age of 2. Eighty percent of educational apps in the iTunes store are designed for children -- especially toddlers and preschoolers. But recent research has shown that sometimes all those chimes and animations hinder learning, prompting the question, how well do we understand what it takes to make a truly beneficial learning app?

"Children interact with touch screens and the embedded media content in vastly different ways and this impacts their ability to learn from the content," says Russo-Johnson. "Our experiment focused on how children interacted with touchscreen devices -- on a more basic level -- by stripping away fancy design features that vary from app to app and that are not always beneficial."

Using a custom-made, streamlined learning app, Russo-Johnson and her colleagues showed that children as young as 2 could use the app to learn new words such as the fictional names of a variety of newly-introduced toys (designed specifically for the study). Unsurprisingly, slightly older children (age 4 to 5) were able to learn more than the younger ones (age 2 to 3) and they were also able to follow directions better -- such as only tapping when instructed to do so.

The researchers went on to show that the excessive tapping by younger children seemed to go hand-in-hand with lower scores of a trait called self-regulation. As in this study, self-regulation is commonly measured by seeing how long children can keep themselves from eating a cracker that is placed in front of them -- after they've been told to wait until they hear a signal that it's ok to eat the cracker.

To complement this first study (which included 77 children), Russo-Johnson and her colleagues designed a second app to see which interactions -- tapping, dragging, or simply watching -- were better for learning new words.

Somewhat surprisingly, across this next group of 170 2- to 4-year olds, no single type of interaction proved to consistently be the best. But there were differences depending on age, gender, and the extent of prior exposure to touchscreens at home. Boys appeared to benefit more from watching, whereas dragging seemed best for girls and children with the most touchscreen experience.

These results complement the growing body of research on identifying effective interactive features, as well as providing insight into how apps might be tailored to fit the learning needs of different children.

"I hope that this research will inform academics and app developers alike," says Russo-Johnson. "Educational app developers should be mindful of utilizing interactivity in meaningful ways that don't distract from the intended educational benefits, and, when possible, allow for customization so parents and educators can determine the best settings for their children."