Is your favorite ballplayer hitting when it matters, or just padding his stats?

In time for Major League Baseball's winter meetings this week, a team of computer scientists from the Johns Hopkins University is adding to the ocean of baseball statistics with what appears to be the first analysis of hitters' performance when their team is either just about guaranteed to win or hopelessly behind. In a 54-page unpublished paper consisting mostly of statistics, the authors call this the "meaningless game situation."

"In this paper, our goal has been to raise awareness about the fact that not all at bats during a season are of equal import," wrote the authors, Johns Hopkins sophomore Evan Hsia, former student Jaewon Lee, who graduated in the spring, and Associate Resident Scientist Anton Dahbura. "Some players have been able to significantly improve their overall season statistics by maximizing their performance in those situations."

Baseball fans are familiar with comparisons of player and team performances in day and night games, or home and away games. The MGS presents another duality.

"You can look at it as a different type of split," said Dahbura, who along with his academic credentials is also one of four principal owners of the Hagerstown Suns, a minor-league affiliate of the Washington Nationals, based in western Maryland.

Fans know that in general, teams play differently when they have a big lead. The manager might lift a top pitcher to save his arm for a more competitive game. Players might be less aggressive in trying to take an extra base or score runs, lest they be accused of piling on. The player who tries hard when his team is far behind is praised for competitive spirit, while the one who plays aggressively with a big lead risks on-field confrontations and retaliatory pitches thrown close to the head.

The analysis attempts to quantify this, and shows a range of performance in MGSs.

The analysis is based on statistics from four major league seasons, 2013 to 2016, a sample of more than 9,600 games. The authors define a "meaningless game situation" as one in which -- based on historical data -- there is less than a 5-percent chance of a losing team overcoming its deficit. While acknowledging that they chose the "meaningless" threshold "somewhat arbitrarily," the authors argue that with a 5-percent chance of the trailing team catching up, most observers of the game would figure the outcome is settled.

The MGS standard applies to progressively smaller leads as the ballgame unfolds. It's considered an MGS if a team has a seven-run lead in the first inning, a six-run lead in the second through seventh innings, a five-run edge in the eighth inning or a four-run lead in the ninth inning or later.

Using that gauge, the authors report that for all 30 major league teams during the 2016 regular season, 21,089 plate appearances by 781 hitters fell into the MGS category. That's 11.4-percent of 184,580 total season plate appearances. Of the 5,610 home runs hit in 2016, 824, or 14.6 percent, were hit in MGSs.

According to the report, the 2016 king of the MGS happens also to be the man voted the National League most valuable player: Kris Bryant, third baseman and occasional outfielder for the 2016 world champion Chicago Cubs. Bryant batted .292 in the regular season, finishing in the top 10 in the league in several hitting categories, including third in home runs with 39 and sixth in runs batted in with 102.

In MGSs with the Cubs ahead, Bryant was even more impressive. He hit .500 in those 52 at bats, with six home runs and 21 RBI. In his 84 at bats in all MGSs -- including those when the Cubs were behind -- he hit .400.

Other players also thrived in MGSs in 2016. The Toronto Blue Jays' Edwin Encarnacion, the Colorado Rockies' Carlos Gonzalez, and the San Diego Padres' Yangervis Solarte all joined Bryant in the .400-MGS club. Gonzalez also was the only MLB player to break into double-digits in the MGS home run category with 10, though he was tied with six other players for 57th most home runs in the regular season. Baltimore's Manny Machado -- who finished 31st in the majors with 96 RBI -- led in MGS RBI with 30, 28 of those while the Orioles led.

If the hits are considered "meaningless" to the game in which they occurred, they might not be otherwise. In 2015, for instance, Toronto third baseman Josh Donaldson claimed the American League RBI title by five over the Baltimore Orioles' Chris Davis, helped in part by 17 RBI in "meaningless" situations, 14 of those when his team was ahead. Davis knocked in seven runs in MGSs, only three when the Orioles were ahead.

Dahbura said the statistic could potentially play a role in contract talks, as it answers questions about when a player is doing most of his hitting.

"Somebody is hitting .290, but is he piling up his average" when the hits don't matter? Dahbura said. "When the game's really on the line, he may be a .240 hitter."

Dahbura said the statistic could also help coaches work with players who are performing much better in "meaningless" situations. "What's going on? Are they more relaxed in MGSs?"

The authors hope that the MGS will give analysts and fans food for thought, and enshrine the concept in the already abundant conversation about baseball statistics.

"It is our goal," the authors wrote, "to promote MGS as a statistic that will one day be incorporated into statistical database splits, so that the performance of major league baseball players under more or less game pressure is brought under the light."

Find the report online at: https://isi.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/63/2016/12/Padding-the-Stats2016.pdf