Antibiotics against severe salmonella infections in Africa increasingly ineffective
- Date:
- June 14, 2016
- Source:
- German Center for Infection Research
- Summary:
- Salmonella infections in the bloodstream, caused by Salmonella enterica bacteria, are still the cause of many deaths in southern regions and Southeast Asia. Children between the age of two and five years are particularly affected. Treating these infections could become a growing problem owing to increasing antibiotic resistance. Scientists have now confirmed that even the newer generations of antibiotics are becoming less and less effective.
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"The affected countries will have a major problem if we do not manage to control salmonella bloodstream infections with new antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin," cautions Prof Jürgen May. He has conducted numerous studies on salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Kumasi in Ghana, where the Bernhard Nocht Institute and the DZIF are in close partnership with researchers from the Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine.
Nowadays, bloodstream infections with the salmonella species Salmonella enterica are a particular problem in developing countries; infections of the gut occur through contaminated food and unclean water. Annually, approximately 22 million people contract typhoid fever, which is probably the best known infection caused by salmonella. They are specifically caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria, a Salmonella enterica serotype. Symptoms of typhoid fever include fever, stomach ache and bowel obstruction, and the infection can be fatal if left untreated. Additionally, so-called non-typhoid salmonella infections exist which are caused by other Salmonella enterica serotypes. They also cause bloodstream infections, affecting a further estimated 90 million people per year. It is not known why the pathogen so often enters the bloodstream in these countries. A simultaneous malaria infection seems to be a facilitating factor.
Since the early 1990ies, multidrug-resistant salmonella strains that are insensitive to commonly used antibiotics like ampicillin and chloramphenicol have been emerging more and more frequently. Consequently, the WHO recommended using third generation antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin from the fluoroquinolone group. In a study in Ghana, May and his team investigated whether this new antibiotic now also triggers the development of resistance. From 2007 to 2012, over 300 isolates of invasive salmonella were collected from blood cultures, i.e. those that cause bloodstream infections.
The results from the study are a first warning sign: reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was found in some salmonella serotypes; in one serotype, even half of the isolates were affected. Isolates of Salmonella Typhi, the pathogen that causes typhoid fever, did not show reduced susceptibility. However, in a multicountry analysis, Salmonella Typhi has already been found to have reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin; this being particularly high in Kenya. "This is worrying because ciprofloxacin is going to be used more frequently with decreasing costs," explains May.
Furthermore, the scientists have detected single mutations in the pathogen's hereditary information which are responsible for the reduced sensitivity.
"These results highlight that the emergence of multidrug-resistant salmonella strains must be observed carefully in order to control the burden of neglected diseases such as typhoid fever and non-typhoid salmonella infections," May emphasizes. "An important step to improving the situation has been establishing the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP), a multinational research programme which, together with the DZIF, collected the data in sub-Saharan Africa." In this programme, May and other scientists also conducted studies on hygiene measures, pathogen spread, vaccines and diagnostics. The studies are published in the current Clinical Infectious Diseases journal supplement.
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Materials provided by German Center for Infection Research. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal References:
- Daniel Eibach, Hassan M. Al-Emran, Denise Myriam Dekker, Ralf Krumkamp, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Ligia Maria Cruz Espinoza, Christa Ehmen, Kennedy Boahen, Peter Heisig, Justin Im, Anna Jaeger, Vera von Kalckreuth, Gi Deok Pak, Ursula Panzner, Se Eun Park, Alexander Reinhardt, Nimako Sarpong, Heidi Schütt-Gerowitt, Thomas F. Wierzba, Florian Marks, Jürgen May. The Emergence of Reduced Ciprofloxacin Susceptibility inSalmonella entericaCausing Bloodstream Infections in Rural Ghana. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2016; 62 (suppl 1): S32 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ757
- Hassan M. Al-Emran, Daniel Eibach, Ralf Krumkamp, Mohammad Ali, Stephen Baker, Holly M. Biggs, Morten Bjerregaard-Andersen, Robert F. Breiman, John D. Clemens, John A. Crump, Ligia Maria Cruz Espinoza, Jessica Deerin, Denise Myriam Dekker, Amy Gassama Sow, Julian T. Hertz, Justin Im, Samuel Ibrango, Vera von Kalckreuth, Leon Parfait Kabore, Frank Konings, Sandra Valborg Løfberg, Christian G. Meyer, Eric D. Mintz, Joel M. Montgomery, Beatrice Olack, Gi Deok Pak, Ursula Panzner, Se Eun Park, Jean Luco Tsiriniaina Razafindrabe, Henintsoa Rabezanahary, Jean Philibert Rakotondrainiarivelo, Raphaël Rakotozandrindrainy, Tiana Mirana Raminosoa, Heidi Schütt-Gerowitt, Emmanuel Sampo, Abdramane Bassiahi Soura, Adama Tall, Michelle Warren, Thomas F. Wierzba, Jürgen May, Florian Marks. A Multicountry Molecular Analysis ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhi With Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2016; 62 (suppl 1): S42 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ788
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