Children Who Are Emotionally Abused May Be More Likely to Experience Migraine as Adults

"Emotional abuse showed the strongest link to increased risk of migraine," said author Gretchen Tietjen, MD, from the University of Toledo in Ohio and a member of the American Academy of Neurology. "Childhood abuse can have long-lasting effects on health and well-being."

In the study, emotional abuse was assessed by asking, "How often did a parent or other adult caregiver say things that really hurt your feelings or made you feel like you were not wanted or loved?"

The study included data from 14,484 people age 24 to 32. About 14 percent reported they had been diagnosed with migraines. The participants were asked whether they had experienced emotional, physical or sexual abuse in childhood. Physical abuse was defined as being hit with a fist, kicked, or thrown down on the floor, into a wall, or down stairs. Sexual abuse included forced sexual touching or sexual relations. About 47 percent of the participants answered yes to having been emotionally abused, 18 percent physically abused and 5 percent sexually abused.

Of those diagnosed with migraines, 61 percent said they had been abused as a child. Of those who never had a migraine, 49 percent said they were abused. Those who were abused were 55 percent more likely to experience migraine than those who were never abused after accounting for age, income, race and sex.

Those who were emotionally abused were 52 percent more likely to have migraine than those who were not abused, after accounting for other types of abuse as well as age, income, race and sex. In contrast, those who were sexually or physically abused were not significantly more likely to have migraine than people who were not abused.

The relationship between emotional abuse and migraine remained when researchers adjusted the results to take into account depression and anxiety. In that analysis, people who were emotionally abused were 32 percent more likely to have migraine than people who were not abused.

Tietjen noted that the study shows an association between childhood emotional abuse, a very common occurrence, and migraine. It does not show cause and effect, although the finding that the likelihood of having migraines increases with increasing number of abuse types is suggestive of it.

"More research is needed to better understand this relationship between childhood abuse and migraine," said Tietjen. "This is also something doctors may want to consider when they treat people with migraine."