A breakthrough that turns exhaust CO2 into useful materials

"This work shows that carbon capture and conversion do not need to be treated as separate steps. By integrating both functions into a single electrode, we demonstrate a simpler pathway for CO₂ utilization under realistic gas conditions," explains Wonyong Choi, a corresponding author on the study.

Why CO₂ Conversion Has Been So Difficult

Pulling carbon dioxide out of the air may seem straightforward, especially since plants do it naturally. The greater challenge lies in transforming that captured gas into something useful, a step that is essential if carbon capture technologies are to be widely adopted. In real industrial exhaust, CO₂ is usually mixed with other gases, including nitrogen and oxygen. Most existing conversion systems only work efficiently when carbon dioxide has already been separated and concentrated, which limits their practicality.

To overcome this obstacle, Donglai Pan, Myoung Hwan Oh, Wonyong Choi, and their colleagues set out to build a system that could operate under realistic conditions. Their goal was to create a device capable of handling flue gas as it is actually produced and converting even small amounts of captured CO₂ into a valuable product.

Inside the Three Layer Electrode

The research team designed an electrode that allows gas to pass through it, trap carbon dioxide, and convert it at the same time. The device is made up of three layers: a material that captures CO₂, a sheet of gas permeable carbon paper, and a catalytic layer of tin(IV) oxide. Together, these components enable the direct conversion of carbon dioxide gas into formic acid.

Formic acid is an important chemical used in a range of applications, including fuel cells and other industrial processes. Producing it directly from exhaust gases could make carbon reuse more practical and cost effective.

Strong Results Under Real World Conditions

When tested with pure CO₂ gas, the new electrode showed about 40% higher efficiency than existing carbon conversion electrodes under similar laboratory conditions. The advantage became even clearer when researchers used a simulated flue gas containing 15% CO₂, 8% oxygen gas, and 77% nitrogen gas. Under these conditions, the new system continued to generate substantial amounts of formic acid, while other technologies produced very little.

The electrode also proved capable of capturing carbon dioxide at concentrations similar to those found in the atmosphere, showing that it can function in ambient air. According to the researchers, this approach offers a promising path toward integrating carbon capture into real industrial applications. They also suggest that similar designs could eventually be adapted to capture and convert other greenhouse gases, including methane.

The authors acknowledge funding from the National Research Foundation of Korea.