Even climate fixes might not save coffee, chocolate, and wine, scientists warn
- Date:
- November 4, 2025
- Source:
- IOP Publishing
- Summary:
- Even with futuristic geoengineering methods like Stratospheric Aerosol Injection, the fate of wine, coffee, and cacao crops remains uncertain. Scientists found that while this intervention could slightly cool the planet, it cannot stabilize the erratic rainfall and humidity that devastate yields. The findings reveal that only a fraction of major growing regions might benefit, leaving most producers exposed to volatile harvests and economic instability.
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A new study in Environmental Research Letters finds that even the most advanced climate intervention methods may not be able to protect wine grapes, coffee, and cacao from a changing planet. These crops are cornerstones of global agriculture and vital sources of income for millions of farmers. Yet they are increasingly at risk as climate shifts intensify. Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall have caused major swings in crop yields from year to year, leaving producers uncertain about their harvests and threatening the stability of local economies.
The research team focused on a proposed geoengineering technique known as Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI). This experimental concept aims to cool the planet by releasing reflective particles into the upper atmosphere, mimicking the temporary cooling that occurs after large volcanic eruptions. The scientists evaluated whether SAI could help stabilize conditions for grape, coffee, and cacao cultivation across major growing areas in western Europe, South America, and West Africa.
Climate Simulations Reveal Limited Benefits
To test this idea, researchers modeled climate conditions from 2036 to 2045 across 18 important crop-producing regions. They assessed how SAI might affect temperature, rainfall, humidity, and disease risk to determine future crop suitability. While SAI successfully reduced surface temperatures, it did not consistently preserve the favorable conditions required for healthy yields. Only six of the 18 regions studied showed any significant improvement compared to a future scenario without SAI.
Unpredictable rainfall and shifting humidity levels proved to be the biggest obstacles to SAI's success. Although the intervention could cool the planet, it was far less effective at moderating moisture levels or preventing extreme weather events such as flooding. As a result, crop yields and farm income projections remained unstable even under SAI conditions.
"Reducing temperature with SAI alone isn't enough," explained co-author Dr. Ariel Morrison. "For instance, cacao species, while more tolerant of hot temperatures than coffee and grapes, are highly susceptible to pests and diseases caused by a combination of high temperatures, rainfall, and humidity. Natural climate variability also cannot be ignored -- it leads to a wide range of outcomes under the same SAI scenario that could affect the livelihoods of farmers growing cacao, coffee, and grapes."
Building Long-Term Agricultural Resilience
Dr. Morrison added that while SAI could provide short-term relief from heat stress in certain regions, it cannot be relied upon as a long-term fix. "SAI climate intervention may offer temporary relief from rising temperatures in some regions, but it is not a guaranteed fix for the challenges facing luxury crop farming. Adaptation strategies tailored to local conditions, investment in resilient agricultural practices, and global cooperation are essential to saving these crops and the communities that depend on them," she said.
The findings highlight an important message: technological fixes alone cannot secure the future of coffee, cacao, and wine grapes. Safeguarding these crops will require both innovation and global commitment to sustainable adaptation.
Story Source:
Materials provided by IOP Publishing. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
- Ariel L Morrison, Elizabeth A Barnes, James W Hurrell, Daniel M Hueholt. Macroclimate growing conditions for luxury crops after stratospheric aerosol injection. Environmental Research Letters, 2025; 20 (11): 114063 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/adfbff
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