Selenium carrier proteins: New starting point for cancer research

Selenoproteins are crucial for several biological functions, including the breakdown of harmful substances, immune system support, and regulating metabolic processes. However, in specific contexts, these proteins can be misused and shield cancer cells from death. One such protein, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), is vital in supporting cellular protection and cancer cell survival.

"This protective property of GPX4 creates a significant challenge for standard cancer therapies, as its activity has been shown to promote survival of drug-tolerant states," says Professor Pedro Friedmann Angeli, chair of Translational Cell Biology at the University of Würzburg (JMU), Germany. "But if we can inhibit GPX4 production, we may be able to target and destroy cancer cells. This is particularly promising for treating neuroblastoma, which primarily affects children."

Making Cancer Cells More Vulnerable

Together with researchers from the Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine led by junior group leader Hamed Alborzinia, Friedmann Angeli's team is therefore focusing on research into the inhibition of enzymes that promote selenocysteine insertion into selenoproteins. "Until now, we only knew of one enzyme, selenocysteine lyase (SCLY), which was responsible for releasing the selenium atom from selenocysteine," explains Zhiy Chen, a PhD student in Friedmann Angeli's team and first author of the study. "Our research has now identified an unforeseen pathway that requires the enzyme, peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), which can sustain selenoprotein production without SCLY."

Through cutting-edge techniques such as mass spectrometry and CRISPR-Cas9-based functional genomics, the research team discovered that PRDX6 binds directly to selenium and acts as a transporter, or "shuttle," for the trace element, enabling the production of new selenoproteins. The study also demonstrated that inhibiting PRDX6 could impair cancer cell survival, especially in neuroblastomas, offering a new potential therapeutic target.

Next Steps in Cancer Research

Interestingly, the team found that although PRDX6 can compensate for the absence of SCLY, it lacks the specific activity present in SCLY required to remove the selenium atom from its precursors. Friedmann Angeli's group aims to investigate which other proteins collaborate with PRDX6 to maintain selenium protein synthesis. Additionally, the development of molecular inhibitors targeting both SCLY and PRDX6 is on the horizon, aiming to better hinder cancer cell growth.

The study was collaborative, involving partners from the University of São Paulo in Brazil, the Institute of Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine in Heidelberg, and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). It was financially supported by the Rudolf Virchow Center at the University of Würzburg, the German Research Foundation (DFG), the EU-H2020 (ERC-CoG, DeciFERR) and the José Carreras Leukemia Foundation.