Firearm ownership is correlated with elevated lead levels in children, study finds

A team led by researchers at Brown University found an association between household firearm ownership and elevated lead levels in children's blood in 44 states, even when controlling for other major lead exposure sources.

Lead exposure from firearms is far less explored than from recognized sources like water or lead-based paint, but may be equally dangerous for children's health, said Christian Hoover, a Ph.D. candidate in epidemiology at Brown's School of Public Health, who is the lead author of the study published in the Journal of Pediatrics.

"This is very concerning because we don't have a system of monitoring lead from firearm use, as we do with residential paint, and there is no system in place to minimize or prevent children's exposure to lead in firearms," Hoover said. "Firearm use is a relatively unchecked source of childhood exposure to lead. There's currently no way to stop the exposure from happening and no interventions when it does."

In the study, the association between elevated lead levels and firearm use was almost as strong as the association for lead-based paint, Hoover noted.

Lead levels in children in the United States have been persistently high for decades. While public health measures have been put in place to prevent and reduce childhood lead poisoning from paint and drinking water, blood lead levels haven't concordantly dropped in significant measures, Hoover said.

Firearm-related take-home lead occurs when an individual discharges a firearm that uses lead-based ammunition and primer, which are the most commonly used in the United States, Hoover said. The lead dust settles on clothes and personal items, such as phones or bags, as well as in vehicles and common spaces. Children are more vulnerable to lead than adults due to their tendency to ingest contaminants through normal hand-to-mouth behaviors.

"Typically the places where the firearm-related lead collects, such as in carpets, are places where young children spend a considerable amount of time," said Hoover, who is a co-investigator at the Harvard Injury Control Research Center.

A previous study led by Hoover found a link between firearms and elevated lead levels in children's blood in cities and towns in Massachusetts; this new study involved the 44 U.S. states that report public health data on child blood lead levels.

Since there is no governmental database covering firearm ownership across states, the researchers used a widely-accepted proxy measure developed by the RAND Corporation to estimate state levels of household gun ownership. This metric combines data on firearm suicides, hunting licenses, subscriptions to Guns and Ammo magazine and background checks. They compared the data from the proxy measure with reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of blood lead concentration surveillance data for children under 6. The analysis spanned the years between 2012 and 2018.

According to the study, for every 10% increase in the number of households that report owning a gun, there is an approximate 30% increase in cases of elevated pediatric blood lead levels.

Childhood exposure to lead increases the risk of behavioral problems, reduced cognitive abilities and poor growth and development. There is no safe level of lead exposure, said Joseph Braun, a professor of epidemiology and director of the Center for Children's Environmental Health at Brown.

"Despite public health efforts to prevent or reduce childhood lead exposure, a substantial proportion of U.S. children are still exposed," Braun said. "Thus, we need to identify other modifiable sources of lead exposure in children's environments to protect their developing bodies and brains."

The authors concluded that the data suggest firearms are a notable source of child lead exposure that requires more targeted research.

Alan Fossa, a postdoctoral research associate in environmental health at Brown, also contributed to this study.

This research was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21 ES034187).