Pushing the boundaries of ultrasound imaging: Breaking new ground with ultrafast technology

The research team led by Professor Chulhong Kim from the Department of Electrical Engineering, the Department of Convergence IT Engineering, the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and the School of Convergence Science and Technology, Professor Jinah Jang from the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Professor Yong Joo Ahn from the Department of Convergence IT Engineering and the School of Convergence Science and Technology, Donghyeon Oh and Donghyun Lee, PhD candidates from the Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Jinseok Heo, a PhD candidate from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jooyoung Kweon, a master's student from the School of Convergence Science and Technology, and Uijung Yong, a postdoctoral researcher from the Future IT Innovation Laboratory at POSTECH has achieved imaging of the three-dimensional microvasculature of the kidneys using ultrafast ultrasound. Their technique is gathering attention, being capable of visualizing the whole kidney microvasculature without any contrast agents. The findings will be published as an inside back cover article in the international journal Advanced Science.

The kidney plays a role in filtering waste and eliminating unwanted substances from the bloodstream. Conditions such as hypertension and diabetes can compromise this vital function, leading to a kidney failure -- irreversible condition necessitating lifelong treatment through artificial hemodialysis or donor kidney transplantation. Given the direct connection between blood perfusion in the kidneys and their filtration function, microvascular imaging can be a key indicator for both preventing and recovering from kidney failure.

Representative contemporary medical imaging methods like CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have limitations in capturing fine vascular structures due to their constraints in resolution and sensitivity. Moreover, the use of contrast agents in these methods is restricted due to the potentially fatal side effects in patients with kidney disease. In contrast, ultrasound imaging, considered safe enough for fetal monitoring, utilizes the Doppler effect to measure real-time blood flow velocity and direction without the need for contrast agents. However, the current imaging speed has limitations in capturing fine blood vessels with sufficient sensitivity. The research team has enhanced microvascular sensitivity by employing ultrafast ultrasound acquisition capturing 1,000 frames per second, a speed over 100 times faster than conventional ultrasound imaging.

Using this technique, the researchers achieved a world-first by imaging the entire three-dimensional vascular network of renal artery, vein and 167μm (micrometer) thick interlobular arteries and veins in the renal cortex without the need for contrast agent. Furthermore, they conducted a continuous observation of renal vascular changes in an animal model induced with renal failure, performing multivariate analysis using hemodynamic and vascular morphological indicators. The results revealed a sharp decrease in renal blood flow during acute renal failure, while in the case of diabetic nephropathy, they identified chronic vascular degeneration in the kidneys accompanied by vascular distortion.

Professor Chulhong Kim explained, "The system allows us to understand the pathophysiology of diseases leading to kidney failure, enabling the observation of vascular changes before and after kidney transplantation." He added, "It has significant potential to be used to study blood circulation and functional impairment across various organs including the digestive system, circulatory system, and cerebral nervous system."

The research was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) grants, the Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant, the Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine and BK21 FOUR projects (Pohang University of Science and Technology) funded by the Korean government (the Ministry of Science and ICT; the Ministry of Education; the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy; the Ministry of Health and Welfare).