New discovery to bulk up gluten-free fiber supplement

University of Adelaide experts conducted research on psyllium, also known as Plantago ovata.

"We extracted and sequenced the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from leaf tissue to construct the chromosome-level reference genome for Plantago ovata and used ribonucleic acid (RNA) from other parts of the plant to predict the function of its genes," said the University of Adelaide's Professor Rachel Burton, a researcher from the School of Agriculture, Food and Wine.

"This is a significant development because it will pave the way for improvements to the quality and quantity of psyllium crops."

DNA is the molecule that contains genetic information needed for the development and functioning of an organism while RNA acts as a messenger, carrying instructions from DNA to build proteins.

This finding has been published in the journal Scientific Reports and is the result of a decade-long investigation by University of Adelaide researchers into the genetic makeup of the plant.

Psyllium has been used for food and medicinal purposes for thousands of years.

The seeds of the plant are milled to produce a soluble fibre used in pharmaceuticals and supplements to improve gut health and control blood cholesterol.

Psyllium is also a common ingredient in gluten-free food. The seeds and their husks are naturally gluten-free and when mixed with water, produce a sticky substance that replicates some of the functions of gluten in bread.

This quality makes psyllium an essential ingredient in gluten-free bread and it can be used in a whole range of other baked goods. With the market size of gluten-free foods expected to reach USD$8.3 billion in 2025, demand for psyllium is predicted to increase.

The plant is highly susceptible to changes in environmental conditions and diseases which not only affects the yield, but also the price and quality of this valuable commodity.

"To date, efforts to improve the quality and quantity of psyllium husk have been hampered by the lack of a reference genome," said the University of Adelaide's Dr James Cowley, who is also from the School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and co-authored this study.

"The development of a high-quality Plantago ovata reference genome will not only help to boost breeding programs but will also support lab-based experiments to better understand how carbohydrates in plants are constructed so we can tailor them for food and pharmaceutical uses."

First author Dr Lina Herliana conducted this research while pursuing her PhD at the University of Adelaide's Waite Campus.

"We predict the availability of this reference genome will lead to the development of new cultivars with higher yields that are more adaptable to environmental conditions. This will stabilise the production of psyllium products and seed or husk prices," said Dr Herliana.

The long-term project to understand the fundamental biology of psyllium was supported by an Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence and Linkage Project.

It is expected that this discovery will accelerate further research into genetic improvement and breeding of psyllium.