Plants use their roots to measure manganese concentration available in the soil

Prof. Jörg Kudla from the Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology at the University of Münster (Germany) is one of the leading authors of the study and, as he says, "There have been a lot of studies focusing on which proteins are involved in the uptake and transportation of manganese within a cell. But how the manganese balance is regulated at the level of the organism is completely unknown." Because calcium is involved as a messenger substance in numerous other regulating processes in the plant, the researchers asked themselves whether it also plays a role in regulating the manganese balance.

Manganese deficiency triggers oscillating calcium signals

The team identified a special cell group in the plant root and gave it the name "manganese-sensitive niche." Unlike all other root cells, these cells display a special reaction in response to manganese deficiency: the calcium concentration within the cells rises and falls, several times in succession, as long as the deficiency lasts. Every oscillation lasts approximately 30 minutes. "Nobody had previously observed such multi-cellular oscillations in the calcium concentration which are built up through the coordinated occurrence of calcium signals in individual cells in plants," says Kudla. Just a few hundred cells jointly build up the signal. The epidermal cells -- the cells in the outermost root layer -- are the first to begin increasing the calcium concentration. Then the cells situated further inside gradually follow suit -- before the whole process is then reversed.

Third stimulus-specific "sensitive niche" now discovered

In earlier work, researchers led by Jörg Kudla had already discovered two further "sensitive niches" in other areas in the root -- a potassium-sensitive niche and a sodium-sensitive niche. Here, too, the roots reacted by producing multicellular calcium signals in specific cell groups in response to changes in the ion concentrations in the environment. However, the researchers did not observe any oscillations -- unlike in the manganese-sensitive niche.

In their current study, the researchers discovered that the calcium oscillations triggered by manganese deficiency activate two special enzymes -- so-called Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CPK21 and CPK23) -- and that these two enzymes, for their part, stimulate the uptake of manganese. "As the kinase frees itself from the calcium, and these again become inactive. Our hypothesis is that every oscillation starts this process anew -- until the plant has achieved a sufficient uptake of manganese," says Kudla. The manganese transporter NRAMP1, which is responsible for transporting the manganese into the cells of the root, is part of the process. The protein kinases CPK21 and CPK23 interact with this transporter and regulate the uptake of manganese by phosphorylating one specifc amino-acid (Thr498).

In order to demonstrate the occurrence of the calcium signals, the researchers used high-resolution microscopy and, for the first time, ultra-sensitive molecular calcium-biosensors. Biosensors generally visualise changes in concentrations of bioactive substances such as calcium in cells and tissues. The team combined these studies, involving "in vivo biosensor technology," with genetic, cell-biological and biochemical methods in order to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition to the Münster researchers, scientists from the College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University in Shaanxi and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing (China) as well as from the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Germany) were also involved.