Enantioselective synthesis of indole derivatives

Indole derivates are widely distributed in nature; they are part of serotonin and melatonin, as well as many alkaloids -- some of which are used as drugs, for example, as treatments for Parkinson's disease. Indole is an aromatic six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring along one edge. The five-membered ring has a double bond and a nitrogen atom. The basic indole framework can be equipped with a variety of side groups or bound to additional rings. Indole and many indole derivatives can be made by an indole synthesis reaction developed by and named after Emil Fischer (acid-assisted condensation of ketones with phenyl hydrazines).

The most important class of indole derivatives are cyclopentane[b]indoles -- molecules with a framework made of one indole unit and an additional five-membered ring. This five-membered ring can contain a chiral carbon center, which is a ring carbon that has two additional side groups, and it can be arranged in two ways that are mirror images of each other. Only one of the two enantiomers, or mirror images, is found in nature. However, the classic Fischer indole synthesis produces a mix of both enantiomers.

A team led by Santanu Mukherjee and Garima Jindal at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (India) has now developed a catalytic version of the Fischer indole synthesis that primarily produces one of the enantiomers (i.e., the reaction is enantioselective). The starting materials are a class of diketones (2,2-disubstituted cyclopentane-1,3-diones) and phenylhydrazine derivatives equipped with special protecting groups. The secret of their success is a special catalyst: a chiral, cyclic phosphoric acid. The reaction is carried out in the presence of zinc chloride as a co-catalyst and an acidic cation-exchange resin, which captures the ammonia that forms as a byproduct.

The heart of the reaction mechanism is called a dynamic kinetic resolution. During the reaction, a chiral hydrazone is first formed as an intermediate in both enantiomeric forms. This step is reversible, so that both of the enantiomeric hydrazones can interconvert during the course of the reaction. The reaction of the hydrazones to make the indole derivatives is the actual catalytic reaction. This reaction is much faster for one of the hydrazone enantiomers compared to the other because one form has a more favorable geometry when binding to the chiral catalyst. The other hydrazone enantiomer reacts very slowly and leads to only a small amount of the indole product. Instead, the slow-to-react hydrazone enantiomer converts to the fast-reacting hydrazone enantiomer, causing the equilibrium to eventually shift to the product cyclopentane[b]indole.

This method made it possible for the team to produce many different indole derivatives in moderate yields, but with good to excellent enantiomeric selectivity.