Lower cost and durable smart window technology

"What we are doing is building an electrochemical cell. We have a transparent electrode and an electrode with metal ions. By switching the voltage, the thin plate metal blocks the light," he said. "It's not at all how other people are achieving the same effect."

The paper explains in detail how metal can be electroplated onto a transparent electrode to block light and then stripped to make the window transparent again by manipulating the voltage. It specifically explores how various electrolytes can be used with different supporting anions to achieve the desired results.

McGehee said smart window technology allows users to adjust the amount of sunlight and heat entering through home or windows without blocking views. Tinting allows for more natural light through home windows while still maintaining privacy and has positive implications for energy reduction and HVAC control in the home or office. Despite the appeal, dynamic windows have yet to achieve extensive commercialization because of many of the problems this paper addresses.

For example, this new process ultimately results in a more desirable neutral color of glass than other technologies and allows for any transparency adjustment all the way from 80 percent tinted down to 0 percent or fully transparent. Whereas many of the windows on the market can only provide up to 70 percent tinting. This transition can be done quickly as well, with 60 percent contrast happening in less than 3 minutes.

The final product is also likely to be less expensive to create than existing technologies. McGehee said potential cost savings were hard to gauge but producing windows with this technology doesn't require large special tools and has a high throughput -- meaning the glass can be manufactured rapidly.

PhD candidate and McGehee lab member Tyler Hernandez is the first author on the paper and that the team has already made a 1 square-foot window using this process. They are currently running stability and other tests and the initial results indicate long-term durability of the with no evidence of electrode etching which degrades the overall performance and is a big drawback to other versions on the market.

Car manufactures are also interested in the technology while airplane manufacture Boeing already uses electrochromic windows on their 787 Dreamliner.

McGehee speculates that other application areas might include cycling glasses or ski goggles that shift with the quickly changing light conditions.

"This is a question and process my group has been looking into for some time now," he said. "This paper addresses many of the problems this technology has faced, and we think there is a lot of opportunity going forward."