Fish consumption and mercury exposure in pregnant women in coastal Florida

Researchers from Florida Atlantic University's Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute and collaborators conducted a study to assess mercury concentrations in the hair of pregnant women living in coastal Florida and to determine the relationships between hair total mercury concentrations, fish consumption, sources of seafood, knowledge of the risks of mercury exposure, and seafood consumption during pregnancy.

This latest study follows their previous research showing that bottlenose dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon have some of the highest concentrations of mercury in this species worldwide. The lagoon is an estuary that extends more than 250 kilometers and traverses 40 percent of the eastern coastline in Florida and is a highly impacted environment. To "close the loop" between this wildlife sentinel and human health, they also conducted a prior study in recreational anglers and coastal residents. They found mercury concentrations in the hair of 135 participants that was higher than those previously reported for similar populations in the United States.

"In Florida the average adult consumes almost 10 times as many grams of seafood per day compared to the general U.S. population, potentially increasing the risk of mercury exposure above safe limits, especially for pregnant women," said Adam M. Schaefer, MPH, lead author, and an epidemiologist at FAU's Harbor Branch. "Because the sensitivity of the developing brain to the effects of mercury deposition has been shown in studies of pregnant women exposed through the consumption of seafood, even at relatively low levels of prenatal mercury, we wanted to test this vulnerable coastal Florida population."

Researchers also described the complex relationship between mercury and neurobehavioral outcomes. Specifically, the well-described benefits of seafood consumption and omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy.

Results of the study, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, show that despite the fact that southern Florida is an area of selective deposition of atmospheric mercury, and that mercury is bioaccumulated in local fish species and apex predators, the mean total hair mercury concentration of the 229 participants was lower or similar to U.S. data for women of child-bearing age. Hair mercury concentration was associated with consumption of locally caught seafood and all seafood, a higher level of education, and first pregnancy.

Those who reported eating seafood three times a week had the highest concentration of mercury in their hair -- almost four times as high as those who did not consume any seafood. The highest concentrations were in women over the age of 33 with the highest levels observed among Asian women. Mercury concentrations in hair among those pregnant women who consumed seafood from the Indian River Lagoon were significantly higher than among women who reported never consuming locally caught items. Level of education and the number of children also were related to hair mercury concentration.

Knowledge and education were important components of the study. The majority of participants (85.5 percent) reported being aware that high levels of mercury may be harmful to the unborn fetus. Similarly, 89 percent of women were aware that some fish can contain high levels of mercury. When asked how often one should consume tuna steaks and swordfish, 76.8 percent of women answered that the consumption of these items should be avoided during pregnancy. However, only 53.7 percent of women knew that store-bought swordfish can contain high concentrations of mercury.

"In view of the serious consequences of prenatal exposure to high concentrations of mercury, continued education on safe sources and species of seafood is warranted," said Schaefer. "Educational efforts must provide a balanced approach to include information regarding the benefits of fish consumption while minimizing risk by avoiding locally caught seafood or fish species known to contain high levels of mercury."

Collaborators of the study are Advent Health in Winter Park; the Division of Comparative Pathology in the Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami; Pre-Birth Centers of America; and the Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences at Colorado State University. Partial funding for this research was supplied by the Georgia Aquarium.