Discovery of neuronal ensemble activities that is orchestrated to represent one memory

Japanese research group supervised by Dr Noriaki Ohkawa (Lecturer) and Professor Kaoru Inokuchi of University of Toyama succeeded to establish a system to investigate characteristic activity of cell ensemble acquiring memory and visualized ways for representation and consolidation of memory experienced novel episode in brain.

We are exposed to many episodic events and then memorize their information through our life. This kind of memory, episodic memory, is processed in several brain regions, and one of the regions is hippocampus. It is authorized that, in the hippocampus, one specific episodic memory is stored within and retrieved from a neuronal ensemble composed of neurons, termed engram cells, that are activated during learning. Indeed, activation or inhibition of engram cell ensemble induces or inhibits memory retrieval, respectively, thus, engram cell ensemble represents the physiological manifestation of a specific memory trace. However, one episodic memory is composed of several components of episode, and each component should be encoded by specific substrate, e.g. engram sub-ensemble. Nevertheless, it had not been clear how activity in these engram cells is assembled to represent the corresponding event because of technical limitations mean that it is difficult to distinguish the population activity of engram cells from that of non-engram cells.

To address how one episodic memory is represented and consolidated in engram cell ensemble, it is required to visualize the activity of engram and non-engram cells. Engram cells can be specifically targeted in c-fos-tTA mice because the neural activity associated with memory formation induces c-fos gene expression, which in turn induces activity-dependent tTA expression under the control of the c-fos promoter. In the absence of doxycycline, tTA can bind to the tetracycline responsive element (TRE), enabling downstream expression of the TRE-dependent transgene. When neuron activates, Ca2+ flows into their soma. Thy1-G-CaMP7 mice express a Ca2+ indicator, G-CaMP7, in pyramidal neurons of hippocampal CA1 in the mice. Thus, neuronal activity is transferred into G-CaMP7 fluorescence, called Ca2+ imaging. We developed a technique that combines a head-mounted, miniature fluorescent microscope, with Thy1-G-CaMP7/c-fos-tTA double transgenic mice. The hippocampal CA1 region in double transgenic mice was injected with LV expressing a fluorescent protein, Kikume Green Red (KikGR), under the control of TRE. Using this approach, engram cells can be identified with KikGR, and the Ca2+ signals corresponding to the activity of engram cells and non-engram cells can be tracked during experience of a novel episodic event.

The data indicated that population activity of engram cell ensemble exhibited the characteristic trait of highly repetitive activity during novel episodic event. To address component of one memory, next, it was proposed to deconstruct population activity into sub-ensemble groups. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) decomposes population activity into a time series of coactivated neuronal ensembles. Each sub-ensemble is composed of the different cells, which are spatially intermingled, to make their synchronous activity even among the group of engram cells associated with a single event. These results suggest that the total information of one event is structured into sub-engram ensembles.

In order to measure the activity of engram cells across different memory processing stages, recording of Ca2+ transients from novel experience through post-experience sleep to retrieval was conducted. Around 40% of the total number of sub-ensembles that appeared in a novel experience in engram reactivated during post-experience sleep and then preferentially reappeared in retrieval sessions, while almost none of sub-ensembles in non-engram did not show this feature. Thus, engram sub-ensembles formed during a novel experience and that were reactivated during sleep sessions were mostly reactivated during the retrieval session. By contrast, most non-engram ensembles that were activated during the novel experience were not reactivated in the later sessions.

The findings reported in this study demonstrate that engram cells possess synchronous activity, formed by several sub-ensembles in the engram population. Only in engram cells does this synchronous activity survive through post-learning sleep sessions that contribute to the consolidation process. The present work sheds light on the relationship between ensemble activities and coding principles in learning and memory.