Function of liver cancer genes in mini-organs

Organoids and cancer research

Organoids are mini organs that can be grown in the lab, from a very small piece of tissue derived from a variety of organs. They have been used in cancer research for a few years, mainly by comparing organoids derived from healthy organs to those derived from tumors. This approach however is not suitable to investigate the function and the role of specific genes that are already known to be mutated in cancer. In order to learn more about tumor formation, there was a need for a clean model in which organoids with and without such mutations can be compared.

New model

The researchers developed a new model in which organoids from the healthy human liver are genetically altered using molecular scissors called CRISPR/Cas9, to study the function of the genetic alteration in tumor formation. "Studying the function of such mutations in tumor formation is especially important in liver cancer," says Benedetta Artegiani, one of the researchers, "since it is a very heterogeneous type of cancer: a wide variety of mutations in different genes are found in different patients." Until now, the function of many of these genes in tumor development remains unknown. The newly developed model therefore is a valuable tool to address the function of specific genes in liver cancer formation.

BAP1

The model was exploited to shed light on the function of BAP1, a gene that is mutated in approximately 15-20% of liver cancer patients and of which the specific role in liver tumor development so far remained unknown. The researchers found that organoids in which BAP1 was mutated had very different characteristics compared to the healthy organoids: they turned into solid masses that grew faster, were more motile and fused with other organoids. These observations resemble the characteristics of a more invasive malignant tumor. Furthermore, these changes in organoid morphology and behavior can be reversed by adding normal BAP1 to the organoids. In addition, the researchers made organoids with mutations in four genes that are often mutated in liver cancer, and organoids in which a mutation in BAP1 was added. They found that while the organoids in which the four common liver cancer genes were mutated only formed benign adenoma when transplanted into mice, the organoids in which BAP1 was also mutated formed malignant tumors -- the so-called cholangiocarcinoma.

Choosing the right model

By combining different approaches- microscopy, time-lapse imaging and "multi-omics" (RNA, DNA and protein-based) techniques, the researchers dug into the mechanisms through which a mutation in BAP1 can affect tumor development. They found that mutating BAP1 changes which genes are active in the organoids and that these changes in gene activity can be reversed. "These changes may depend on the cell type in which BAP1 is mutated," says Artegiani, "which may explain why the previously described functions of BAP1 differ between different types of cells. This underlines the importance of studying gene function in a relevant model, derived from the organ and the organism of interest."

Tumor modeling

The researchers show mutations in BAP1 are important for the transition from a benign to a malignant liver tumor. Furthermore, they show that their model can be used to model liver tumors by mutating single genes. Since the model makes it relatively straightforward to manipulate healthy human organoids with CRISPR/Cas9, it may be used to study the function of the many genes with unknown function in liver cancer, both individually and together, to look at the combined effect of different mutations. This will provide more insight into the development of liver tumors.