Earth's cobalt deposits formed much later than previously believed

"Cobalt has become a critically important metal because of its use as a component in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, from phones to hybrid cars," said Robert Creaser, professor in the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Canada Research Chair in Isotope Geochemistry. Cobalt enables rechargeable batteries to stock energy without overheating. It is a strategic metal for the technological revolution, critical in efforts to face and remediate climate change.

"Using this new knowledge of the timing of events that formed cobalt deposits, we can target regions for exploring known cobalt deposits and discovering new ones."

Working with former post-doctoral fellow Nicolas Saintilan, now at ETH Zürich, Switzerland, Creaser used a new, rhenium-osmium dating system to examine the rich cobalt deposits in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Their results show that cobalt and copper mineralization occurred during a period of mountain building and deformation, between 610 and 470 million years ago, suggesting that the deposits formed 100 to 150 million years more recently than originally thought.

Because of its use in the creation of lithium-ion batteries, cobalt is a hot commodity on the international market -- creating steep competition. Most large cobalt deposits are located in developing or poverty-stricken regions in Central Africa. Exploration can be mired in human rights, geopolitical, and sustainability issues, Creaser explained.

"The conundrum is that the western world needs cobalt, and the conditions in some places we currently get it from can be exploitative. The biggest value of this research is opening the possibility of finding more prospective areas worldwide for sources of cobalt. This background information helps exploration geologists develop ideas of where and where not to look."