Risk of maternal death doubled in pregnant women with anemia

The research, published in the journal The Lancet Global Health and funded by Barts Charity and the Human Reproduction Programme, suggests that prevention and treatment of maternal anemia must remain a global public health and research priority.

anemia, which is characterised by a lack of healthy red blood cells, affects 32 million pregnant women worldwide, and up to half of all pregnant women in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Women in LMICs are at increased risk of anemia due to higher rates of dietary iron deficiency, inherited blood disorders, nutrient deficiencies and infections such as malaria, HIV and hookworm.

Lead author Dr Jahnavi Daru from Queen Mary University of London said: "anemia in pregnancy is one of the most common medical problems pregnant women encounter both in low and high income countries. We've now shown that if a woman develops severe anemia at any point in her pregnancy or in the seven days after delivery, she is at a higher risk of dying, making urgent treatment even more important.

"anemia is a readily treatable condition but the existing approaches so far have not been able to tackle the problem. Clinicians, policy makers and healthcare professionals should now focus their attention on preventing anemia, using a multifaceted approach, not just hoping that iron tablets will solve the problem."

The study, which is the largest of its kind, looked at World Health Organization data on 312,281 pregnancies in 29 countries* across Latin America, Africa, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean and South East Asia. Of these, 4,189 women had severe anemia (a blood count of less than 70 grams per litre of blood) and were matched with 8,218 women without severe anemia.

Previous studies had suggested that anemia was strongly associated with death, but that this was due to other clinical reasons, and not anemia directly. This analysis is the first to take into account factors that influence the development of anemia in pregnancy (e.g. blood loss or malaria infection) which may have been skewing the results of previous studies.

The study results showed that, when all known contributing factors are controlled for, the odds of maternal death are doubled in mothers with severe anemia.

The relationship was seen in different geographical areas and using different statistical approaches, which suggests an independent relationship between severe anemia and maternal death does exist.

Francesca Gliubich, Director of Grants at Barts Charity, said: "Barts Charity are proud of having contributed to this work. The research will help to shape health policies worldwide by providing scientific evidence of the importance of prevention and treatment of maternal anemia, ultimately saving lives and avoiding preventable deaths."

Strategies for the prevention and treatment of maternal anemia include providing oral iron tablets for pregnant women, food fortification with iron, improving access to antenatal care in remote areas, hookworm treatment and access to transfusion services.

The study has limitations including its observational nature meaning that a direct causal relationship between severe anemia and maternal death cannot be proven, because other factors may come into play.

The study included authors from CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (Spain), World Health Organization, National Center for Child Health and Development (Japan), Sao Paulo Federal University (Brazil), Fortis Memorial Research Institute (India), Ministry of Health (Sri Lanka), Khon Kaen University (Thailand) and University of Tsukuba (Japan).

* The countries included in the study were Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Brazil, Cambodia, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, India, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Mexico, Mongolia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam.