New world standard in nano generators

Jun Liu, a PhD student working under the supervision of chemical engineering professor Thomas Thundat, was conducting research unrelated to these tiny generators, using a device called an atomic force microscope. It provides images at the atomic level using a tiny cantilever to "feel" an object, the same way you might learn about an object by running a finger over it. Liu forgot to press a button that would apply electricity to the sample -- but he still saw a current coming from the material.

"I didn't know why I was seeing a current," he recalled.

One theory was that it was an anomaly or a technical problem, or interference. But Liu wanted to get to the bottom of it. He eventually pinned the cause on the friction of the microscope's probe on the material. It's like shuffling across a carpet then touching someone and giving them a shock.

It turns out that the mechanical energy of the microscope's cantilever moving across a surface can generate a flow of electricity. But instead of releasing all the energy in one burst, the U of A team generated a steady current.

"Many other researchers are trying to generate power at the prototype stages but their performances are limited by the current density they're getting -- that is the problem we solved," said Liu.

"This is big," said Thundat. "So far, what other teams have been able to do is to generate very high voltages, but not the current. What Jun has discovered is a new way to get continuous flow of high current."

The discovery means that nanoscale generators have the potential to harvest power for electrical devices based on nanoscale movement and vibration: an engine, traffic on a roadway -- even a heartbeat. It could lead to technology with applications in everything from sensors used to monitor the physical strength of structures such as bridges or pipelines, the performance of engines or wearable electronic devices.

Liu said the applications are limited only by imagination.