How a tiny sea animal feeds itself, and the ocean

Those conclusions come from three studies, which involved scuba diving in different locations and high-speed videography in the lab, by a UO doctoral student.

The research, led by Keats Conley, who earned her doctorate in July, rewrites what is known about appendicularians, said UO marine biologist Kelly Sutherland. These abundant, tiny, gelatinous animals, with a trunk and a tail, resemble tadpoles. They are long known for turning their own mucus into houses that envelope them to filter microscopic prey.

Until their mucous houses are deployed, their tiny bodies, less than one-half inch long, are difficult to see.

"We used to think of these creatures as being passive grazers, but now we know they are actually quite selective in what they consume," said Sutherland, who was Conley's mentor. "When it comes to cycling material in the ocean, these organisms are the FedEx of flux. They are vectors through which material moves from the upper layers to the deeper layers of the ocean."

Rather than being general grazers, as long assumed, Conley and Sutherland reported that particle shape of prey matters. In the journal PLOS ONE, it was shown that rod-shaped prey is less likely to be grazed than spherical prey of similar volume. The latter stick easily to both the outer and inner filters of the mucous house and have a harder time reaching the animal's mouth.

In the journal Limnology and Oceanography, Conley, Sutherland and colleagues from the University of South Florida and University of Bergan in Norway found that smaller particles are more apt to get stuck to the mucus house and never reach the mouth.

They also found that the cycling of the animal's tail draws water into the mucous house and helps to dislodge stuck particles by creating pulses.

Appendicularians secrete mucous out of their trunks to build their house-like structures, up to 40 new ones daily, Conley said. Discarded houses are used by other microbes after they sink to the ocean floor, where they have long been known to provide food to deep-sea creatures.

"Appendicularians inflate their houses by beating their tails, and they live inside of it. It's like a spherical, bubble-like structure. It is one of the most complex extracellular structures made by an individual organism," she said.

Conley fell in love with appendicularians, she said, after spotting them while scuba diving off France in an unsuccessful effort to find salps during a project with Sutherland and scientists from Israel, France and Germany.

That effort went in another direction, eventually leading into a paper in Nature Microbiology that showed surface properties of microbes matter to appendicularians. A Teflon-like surface on SAR11 bacteria does not stick to the mucous houses, likely allowing these ocean-abundant bacteria to slide through the mucous filters to avoid predation.

While appendicularians are common throughout the oceans, they have been understudied, said Sutherland, an assistant professor of biology in the Clark Honors College and a member of the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology and Institute of Ecology and Evolution.

"We are now shedding the light on both the basic biology of these organisms and their importance in these marine food webs," she said. "They have been difficult to examine because they are fragile and hard to keep in a lab."

Conley spent a lot of time in the lab videotaping the appendicularians as they took in large amounts of particle-filled water. Later, she observed them under magnification.

"Our ah-ha moment came just by watching the video," Conley said. "We realized that we were seeing things about how their filtration process worked that no one had seen before."

Conley's approach, Sutherland said, provided the closest view ever captured of appendicularians and their mucus houses.

"These house structures have a complexity that is really hard to describe," Sutherland said. "Even for people in the oceanographic community who are interested in this line of research and know what an appendicularian is, they don't know the fundamentals on how they work."

While mucus houses are known to have dual filtering systems, Conley's research focused on just the food-concentrating filter system. The houses are discarded and replaced as the animal grows and the filter gets clogged.

"These are incredible creatures," Conley said. "They constantly build these houses that they need to feed and then discard them. They serve as an important mechanism for the transfer of carbon in the ocean."