Why Zika became more dangerous: Discovery offers clues

Genomic and phylogenetic analysis previously suggested that genetic evolution transformed the mosquito-borne pathogen from one that causes fairly mild ailments to one that can result in birth defects and neurological impairment.

Experiments conducted by Asit K. Pattnaik and other scientists affiliated with the Nebraska Center for Virology showed that the mutated virus involved in the recent outbreaks contains a sugar, known as N-linked glycan, in the protein enveloping the virus. That sugar is not present in many older strains of the virus traced to Africa. The virus that caused the outbreak in the Americas is believed to have arisen in Asia.

The research team found that the mutated virus was more likely to pass from the bloodstream to the brain in infected mice and it was more likely to cause inflammation of the brain and death.

"In one virus, the outer coat has some sugars on it, and that virus goes to the brain very easily," said Pattnaik, a professor in the School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. "A virus that does not have the sugar on the outer coat, does not go into the brain readily."

Early samples of the virus, isolated before the 1960s, did not have the sugars in their protein envelope, but versions that emerged after about 2007 all have those sugars, Pattnaik said.

The finding could help explain why the outbreak caused a dramatic increase in microcephaly -- abnormally small heads -- in babies of mothers who had been infected with Zika, he said. If the virus passes from the mother to her fetus, it may kill neurons in the fetal brain and prevent it from developing properly.

The findings, published Sept. 20 in the Journal of Virology published by the American Society for Microbiology, were publicly revealed almost simultaneously with those from China-based scientists who found a change of a single amino acid made the virus more dangerous to developing brain cells. That study showed a change in a pre-membrane protein could cause microcephaly; the Nebraska study showed how glycosylation of the envelope protein may contribute to the virus efficiently gaining entry into the brain.

"It should be noted that there are likely to be many factors that contributed to the development of a more pathogenic Zika virus," Pattnaik said. "These are two of those to have been recently discovered."

Pattnaik and other Nebraska scientists continue to investigate how the virus breaks the barrier between the brain and the bloodstream and to develop a drug that could be used to treat Zika infection.

Pattnaik's co-authors on the glycosylation research were Arun S. Annamalai, Aryamav Pattnaik and Bikash R. Sahoo, graduate research assistants in the School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; assistant professor Satish Kumar Natarajan and post-doctoral researcher Ezhumalai Muthukrishnan from the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; David Steffen, a professor with the Veterinary Diagnostic Center; assistant professor Hiep Vu from the Department of Animal Science; Gustavo Delhon, director of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Fernando Osorio, professor with the School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Thomas M. Petro, oral biology professor at the University of Nebraska Medical Center; and Shi-hua Xiang, assistant professor with the School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.