Blind tadpoles learn visually with eyes grafted onto tail, neurotransmitter drug treatment

The researchers sought to better understand how the nascent nerves of re-grown or implanted structures integrate into a host. A lack of innervation and integration can be a barrier in regenerative medicine, particularly for sensory organs that must form connections with the host to communicate auditory, visual and tactile information.

In an effort to identify ways to increase innervation, researchers grafted eyes onto the trunk of the tails of blind tadpoles. They then treated the animals with Zolmitriptan, a compound that activates serotonin receptors 1B and 1D (5-HT1B/D), which have been associated with neural development. Treated tadpoles showed a significant increase in graft innervation without changes to the host's original nervous system.

The researchers then tested the tadpoles' ability to distinguish color by creating a test in which the tadpoles were discouraged from occupying a red space in favor of a blue one. Seventy-six percent of sighted tadpoles passed the test. Only 3 percent of blind tadpoles passed the test, while 11 percent of blind tadpoles with eye grafts did so. But among tadpoles with eye grafts that had been treated with 5-HT1B/D and seen graft innervation as a result, 29 percent passed the test.

In addition to testing the tadpoles' ability to detect color, the researchers also tested true image-forming vision, by determining the tadpoles' ability to follow optical patterns rotating in clockwise and counterclockwise directions. Dishes of tadpoles were placed above an LCD screen displaying patterns of triangular clusters rotating slightly every second. Eighty percent of sighted tadpoles followed the pattern compared to 38 percent of blind tadpoles and 32 percent of tadpoles with untreated eye grafts. By contrast, 57 percent of tadpoles with innervated eye grafts induced by exposure to the 5-HT1B/D agonist drug were able to follow the rotating patterns. Importantly, this drug is currently in use for treatment of migraine in human patients, providing a proof-of-principle of repurposing neurotransmitter drugs for regenerative medicine in general, and for control of innervation and transplanted organ functionality specifically.

"For regenerative medicine to move forward and enable the repair of damaged tissues and organ systems, we need to understand how to promote innervation and integration of transplanted organs," said the paper's corresponding author, Michael Levin, Ph.D., Vannevar Bush professor of biology and director of the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts and the Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology. "This research helps illuminate one way to promote innervation and establish neural connections between a host central nervous system and an implant, using a human-approved small molecule drug."

While studies have examined how human-machine interfaces -- including cochlear implants and retinal prosthetics -- may be used to treat deafness and blindness, this research examines brain-body plasticity using novel neurogenesis to integrate biological implants, added co-author Douglas Blackiston, post-doctoral associate, Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University.

"The fact that the grafted eyes in our model system could transmit visual information, even when direct connections to the brain were absent, suggests the central nervous system contains a remarkable ability to adapt to changes both in function and connectivity," said Blackiston.