Teens light up cigarettes to slim down

But a Cornell University researcher and his colleagues have found that overweight and obese teens light up for a different reason: to lose weight.

Among U.S. teens who are frequent smokers, 46 percent of girls and 30 percent of boys smoke in part to control their weight, according to the researchers' study.

And smoking to lose weight is significantly more common among teens who feel they must slim down. Girls who said they were "much too fat" were nearly 225 percent more likely to smoke to lose weight than girls who said their weight was about right. For boys, being overweight was less of a predictor for smoking, perhaps because they feel less pressure from society to lose weight than girls do. Even so, boys who said they were "much too fat" were nearly 145 percent more likely to smoke for weight loss than boys who said their weight was about right.

"This helps us better understand why people choose to engage in risky health behaviors. It's not always just about the immediate pleasure or enjoyment; sometimes it's a means to another end," said the study's author, John Cawley, professor of policy analysis and management at Cornell.

Teen smoking is a particularly worrisome public health concern, because people who start smoking by their early 20s are likely to continue in adulthood. And tobacco is the No. 1 preventable cause of death in the United States.

"One hundred years ago, what we mostly died of were infectious diseases, like tuberculosis and influenza. Now we die from our own choices," said Cawley, who studies the economics of risky health behaviors. "At all levels of government, there's a realization that we need to find ways to stop teenagers from developing poor health habits."

His study, "The Demand for Cigarettes as Derived from the Demand for Weight Loss: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation," appears in the January 2016 issue of Health Economics.

The researchers analyzed data from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey from 2001-01 and 2005-06 for nearly 10,500 U.S. schoolchildren who were 11, 13 or 15 years old. The children reported their heights and weights, which the researchers used to calculate their body mass indexes. The youth also reported their perception of their weight. When asked "Do you think your body is … ," they responded with either "much too thin," "a bit too thin," "about right," "a bit too fat" or "much too fat." The survey also asked the children whether they had done anything to lose weight, what that action was and whether they smoked and how frequently.

The researchers also found that white teens were more than twice as likely as African-American adolescents to smoke for weight loss.

The findings have implications for anti-smoking policies, Cawley said.

The Food and Drug Administration may wish to prohibit cigarette companies from promoting the idea that smoking can help one lose weight, Cawley said. That's because the more strongly people believe that idea, the less responsive they will be to increased cigarette taxes; that is, they'll be more likely to continue buying cigarettes, even at a higher price, he said.

"There's a strong economic case for taxing cigarettes. It's just that the taxes may not decrease consumption among girls as much as you might hope or think," Cawley said. "But if you can break the perceived connection between smoking and weight loss, you may increase their responsiveness to taxes."