Laser reveals water's secret life in soil

Why is Hirmas trying to predict water movement in soil?

"There are a number of reasons why more accurate predictions of water flow is important. Better management of water resources is one," Hirmas says.

The flow of water in agriculture gives rise to many questions: Can we correctly predicting recharge rates of our aquifers in drought regions? Perhaps we can more efficiently use water for food production or predict how areas will react to climate change. Also, we could have better prediction of water runoff and soil erosion, deposition, and sedimentation of surface water reservoirs. Finally, we could predict how plant nutrients are transported in the soil environment.

Soil is made up of particles of sand, silt, and clay. Also within the soil is organic matter -- decomposed plant litter, soil microbes, other organisms, and root systems. Air and water make up the rest.

Hirmas has been researching the ease of water movement through soil, called conductivity. This happens in larger empty spaces, macropores, that help move water through the soil.

"The soil structure affects how easily water can be transported through the soil. This is called 'hydraulic conductivity'," says Hirmas. "Conductivity is a property of the soil. It affects how quickly water can be transported through the soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivity refers to the conductivity of the soil when the soil is fully saturated with water. In this case, all the soil pores are filled with water."

Soil pore size is important to conductivity because of some complex geometry and scientific properties. Simply, a soil pore that is twice as large as another will conduct sixteen times the volume of water as the smaller pore in the same amount of time.

Soil scientists call this movement of water preferential flow. Hirmas explains, "Preferential in this case means that a significant portion of the water will be transported through a relatively few number of large pores. That is, a few large pores preferentially transport a majority of the water."

Hirmas has been using a special tool called a multistripe laser triangulation (MLT) scanner. The scanner was originally developed for engineering purposes. Hirmas adapted its use to study soil pores and preferential flow.

To determine if the MLT scanner could be used to predict preferential flow, Hirmas designed a study. The research group took saturated soil and allowed blue dye to flow through the sample. An easily identifiable visible pattern developed. The areas of the soil that turned blue showed larger pores. These pores allowed the dyed water to pass through -- a preferential flow pattern. Next, they took the same soil sample, and scanned it using MLT. The pattern from the laser significantly matched that of the dye pattern.

The MLT offers advantages to researchers in the field of soil hydrology. "The MLT scanner is better at detecting and mapping the soil macroporosity when the soil is dry versus when it is saturated with water," Hirmas says. Using math to account for the difference between the two states of the soil, Hirmas can make predictions about water movement.

Hirmas' work was recently published in Vadose Zone Journal. It is the product of teams from University of Kansas and Rutgers University.