Even fraud-savvy investors often look for the wrong red flags

"Individual investors get hurt if they own stock in fraudulent companies that cook the books, such as Enron," says Dr. Joe Brazel, a professor of accounting at NC State and lead author of a paper on the work. "But we wanted to know how investors think about fraud and whether they try to protect themselves."

The researchers surveyed 194 experienced, nonprofessional investors from 38 states about fraud and their investment activity. Among other things, the researchers asked investors if they looked for specific red flags that can be indicative of fraudulent activity, such as abnormally high revenue growth, a change in the company's auditor, or the launch of an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

The researchers found two factors that are common to investors who are concerned about fraud. First, if investors think corporate fraud is a common practice, they are more likely to place importance on assessing fraud risk when making investment decisions. Second, investors are more likely to assess fraud risk if they rely primarily on financial statements to make investment decisions, rather than other sources like news reports or advice from professionals.

The survey also found that most nonprofessional investors are not diversified and hold shares in only five to 10 companies at a time. "That means these investors are more likely to get hurt if they hold shares in a fraudulent company," Brazel says.

"We also found that 25 percent of all survey respondents had been burned by fraudulent companies," he added. "But investors who had been burned by fraud in the past were no more likely than other investors to now use fraud red flags. That was surprising."

Another surprise was that investors who were concerned about fraud were relying on late-stage red flags, such as an SEC investigation. The stock may already have dropped in value by the time these red flags appear.

"If you're waiting for an SEC investigation or a lawsuit before selling your shares, you're tracking the wrong red flags," Brazel says. "More sophisticated investors will likely have already sold their shares."

However, the researchers also found that investors who did track early red flags -- such as high manager turnover -- had higher returns than other investors on their investment portfolios.

"Our findings raise a new question," Brazel says. "If we care about the individual investor -- then what can we do to get investors to pay attention to early red flags? One option is to make these red flags more transparent. For example, creating a website that tracks these early red flags for companies, so that they can be easily monitored."