Human protein may trigger Parkinson's disease

Recent studies have shown that synthetic forms of α-synuclein are toxic for the neurons, both in vitro (cell culture) and in vivo (mice), which can spread from one cell to another. However, until now it was not known if this pathogenic protein synthetic capacity could be extended to the pathological human protein found in patients with Parkinson and, therefore, whether it was relevant for the disease in humans.

In the present study, led by Doctor Miquel Vila, from the group of Neurodegenerative Diseases of the VHIR and CIBERNED member, and in which two other groups of CIBERNED have also participated (the lead by Doctor Isabel Fariñas, University of Valencia, and the led by Doctor José Obeso, CIMA-University of Navarra), as well as a group from the University of Bordeaux in France (Doctor Erwan Bezard), the researchers extracted α-synuclein aggregates of brains of dead patients because of the Parkinson's disease to inject them into the brains of rodents and primates.

Four months after the injection into mice, and nine months after the injection into monkeys, these animals began to present degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and intracellular cumulus of α-synuclein pathology in these cells, as occurs in the Parkinson's disease. Months later, the animals also showed cumulus of this protein in other brain remote areas, with a pattern of similar extension to that observed in the brains of patients after years of disease evolution.

According to Doctor Vila, these results indicate that "the pathological aggregates of this protein obtained from patients with the Parkinson's disease have the ability to initiate and extend the neurodegenerative process that typifies the Parkinson's disease in mice and primates." A discovery that, he adds, "provides new insights about the possible mechanisms of initiation and progression of the disease and opens the door to new therapeutic opportunities." Therefore, the next step is to find out how to stop the progression and spread of the disease, by blocking the transmission of cell to cell of the α-synuclein, as well as regulating the levels of expression and stopping the pathological conversion of this protein.

The Parkinson's disease

The Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after the Alzheimer's disease. It is characterized by progressive loss of neurons that produce dopamine in a brain region (the substantia nigra of the ventral midbrain) and the presence in these cells of pathological intracellular aggregates of the α-synuclein protein, called Lewy bodies. The loss of brain dopamine as a consequence of neuronal death results in the typical motor manifestations of the disease, such as muscle stiffness, tremors and slow movement.

The most effective treatment for this disease is the levodopa, a palliative drug that allows to restore the missing dopamine. However, as the disease progresses, the pathological process of neurodegeneration and accumulation of α-synuclein progressively extends beyond the ventral midbrain to other brain areas. As a result, there is a progressive worsening of the patient and the emergence of non-motor clinical manifestations unresponsive to dopaminergic drugs. There is currently no treatment that avoids, delays or halts the progressive evolution of the neurodegenerative process.