Can a treadmill help seniors avoid falls?

Each year, one in three adults over 65 falls at least once, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Falls are the leading cause of injury in older adults and make it harder for them to get around and live independently. In 2010, more that 21,000 older adults died from injuries related to falls.

Pai has been studying how people fall for over 20 years. Everyone falls in a unique way -- because it's unrehearsed and unexpected.

"We have never learned how to fall," he said.

His research led him to a remarkable discovery -- people can be trained relatively quickly and easily how not to fall.

In a recent study, Pai enlisted adults, aged 65 to almost 90, who live independently. The subjects were never told when or how they might fall, as they trod a special walkway in his lab, strapped safely into a harness. Suddenly, like stepping on a banana peel, the footing surface slid out from under them.

"For the first time, the second time, and maybe the third time, they experienced falling. And then, all of sudden, they stopped falling," Pai said. "They were so quick to adapt -- that was the real fascination to me 20 years ago."

The quickness with which his study subjects (young and old) adapted and learned not to fall as the rug was pulled out from under them was unlike any other motor-learning Pai had seen.

"No one masters playing the piano or even a simple dance step after only two or three tries," he said.

Pai also discovered that his subjects retained what they had learned for as long as 12 months. Not only were they less likely to fall when they returned to the lab six months to a year later, in their daily lives they were 50 percent less likely to fall in the year after training than in the year before.

Pai's team also found that the tests and training can be safe even for people with reduced bone density, and he hopes it will prove safe even for people with osteoporosis, the most severe bone thinning, and the group most at risk for a poor outcome following a fall.

Pai's lab set-up is too bulky for the typical physical therapy office, so Pai developed a computer-controlled treadmill program that replicates the training device in his lab. The new NIH grant will allow him to see if the treadmill training can be as effective.

Pai said he would like to see the day when annual preventive care for older adults would include a half hour on a treadmill, strapped into a safety harness, learning to not fall.

"We want to inoculate people against falls," he said.