Childhood eye tumor made up of hybrid cells with jumbled development

Unlike other cancers that resemble a particular type of cell, researchers showed that retinoblastoma is a hybrid cell with elements of at least three different cell types. Investigators made the discovery using a variety of techniques to study 52 tumors donated by patients. The tumors were removed from a diverse group of patients, most treated at St. Jude and its international affiliates. The research appears in the August 16 edition of the scientific journal Cancer Cell.

Researchers also demonstrated that multiple, normally incompatible, developmental pathways are turned on simultaneously in retinoblastoma tumor cells. These pathways guide the fate of developing cells and determine what types of cells they become. This study found the tumor takes over at least one pathway to fuel its own growth, making it a promising drug development target.

The research provides additional insight into this rare tumor of the retina and is expected to advance understanding of retinoblastoma as well as aid development of more targeted therapies, said Michael Dyer, Ph.D., a member of the St. Jude Department of Developmental Neurobiology and the study's senior author. Justina McEvoy, Ph.D., and Jacqueline Flores-Otero, Ph.D., are co-first authors of the study and postdoctoral fellows in Dyer's laboratory.

Retinoblastoma is a tumor of the retina, which is the light-sensing membrane at the back of the eye. The tumor is found in about 5,000 individuals worldwide each year, mostly infants and toddlers. Although cure rates exceed 95 percent for patients whose cancer is contained in the eye, the prognosis is bleak if the tumor has spread.

For more than a century, scientists have tried to link the tumor's origins to one of the seven different types of cells that make up the retina. Although researchers have presented evidence to support various candidates, Dyer said the answer has remained elusive. Identifying where the tumor begins would likely speed efforts to develop new chemotherapy drugs. Increasingly, such agents are designed against particular molecular pathways active in cancer cells.

For this study, researchers took a comprehensive, unbiased approach to the search that included molecular, cellular and chemical analyses of tumor cells. Dyer and his colleagues reported that retinoblastoma tumors in both humans and mice include features from several different types of cells in the retina. The list includes cells called amacrine and horizontal interneurons, retinal progenitor cells and photoreceptors.

Investigators also screened individual cells from 192 retinoblastoma tumors to gauge the activity of about 20,000 human genes and nearly 19,000 mouse genes. The tumor cells came from the 52 patient in the study, mouse models of retinoblastoma and human tumors transplanted and growing in the eyes of mice. Scientists were surprised to find evidence in those cells that genes in multiple developmental pathways were functioning, including some pathways not normally expressed simultaneously.

Screening data are now available at no cost for use by other scientists at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE29686, "The finding that normal developmental programs are completely deregulated in this tumor is surprising and unexpected. It could also have therapeutic implications," Dyer said.

Researchers found retinoblastomas in both mice and humans have remarkably similar molecular profiles. Both involved very few genetic changes that distinguished normal cells from malignant cells. That result also sets the tumor apart from other cancers, which typically have a wider variety of genes switched on in tumor cells.

Scientists went on to show that blocking chemicals called monoamine neurotransmitters, which nerve cells normally use for communication, reduced growth in human retinoblastoma cells growing both in the laboratory and the eyes of mice. Dyer said the drugs used in this study, the anti-psychotic agents fluphenazine and chlorpromazine, better known as Thorazine, are unlikely to be used for treatment of retinoblastoma, but offer a starting point for future drug development.

The research also demonstrated that tumors transplanted directly from a patient into the same location in the eye of a mouse retained characteristics of the human tumor. The findings strengthen use of this approach for screening drugs for possible use against human cancers.

Other authors are Jiakun Zhang, Rachel Brennan, Cori Bradley, Fred Krafcik, Richard Smeyne and Amar Pani, all of St. Jude; Katie Nemeth, formerly of St. Jude; Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Matthew Wilson and Dianne Johnson, both of University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Shunbin Xiong and Guillermina Lozano, both of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Julien Sage, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif., Ligia Fu, Hospital de Ninos, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Lotfi Louhibi, Curie Institute, Paris; and Jeff Trimarchi, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

The research was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, the American Cancer Society, the Research to Prevent Blindness Foundation and ALSAC. Dyer is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Early Career Scientist.