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Fluorescent molecules to illuminate life: simplified synthesis with formaldehyde

Date:
September 30, 2024
Source:
Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH)
Summary:
A team develops an efficient method for synthesizing organic fluorophores using formaldehyde.
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A research team led by Professor Young-Tae Chang from the Department of Chemistry at POSTECH and Dr. Sun Hyeok Lee from the Basic Science Research Institute of POSTECH has recently made a breakthrough in synthesizing organic fluorophores more cost-effectively and atom-efficiently than ever before by using formaldehyde, the simplest carbon molecule. Their findings were published in "Angewandte Chemie International Edition," the world's premier journal in the multidisciplinary chemistry, on September 18.

Organic fluorophores, known for their ability to fluoresce by absorbing specific wavelengths of light, are widely employed in medical diagnostics and bioimaging including cancer cell tracking and genetic analysis. However, the synthesis of trimethine cyanine (Cy3), a commonly used organic fluorophore, has traditionally involved a complex compound with a high molecular weight, leading to numerous byproducts and low atom efficiency.

To address this issue, the team utilized formaldehyde (HCHO) -- a simple molecule made up of one carbon (C) atom, two hydrogen (H) atoms, and one oxygen (O) atom. While formaldehyde can become toxic by reacting with proteins and DNA in vivo, it serves as a valuable tool in organic synthesis for forming new carbon-carbon bonds.

By using formaldehyde instead of conventional complex compounds to add carbon into the molecular chain, a critical step in Cy3 synthesis, the team significantly reduced the molecular size required for the process, maximizing atomic efficiency. Additionally, they streamlined the traditional multi-step asymmetric Cy3 synthesis into a one-pot reaction, eliminating extra stages and boosting synthetic efficiency.

The team also explored whether their technique could be applied to cells and tissues, considering that certain amounts of formaldehyde are naturally produced in vivo during metabolism. In their analysis of rat small intestine tissue, they observed that the inflammation-induced group exhibited a weaker fluorescence signal compared to the normal group. This was attributed to relatively lower levels of formaldehyde during inflammation, which limited Cy3 synthesis. These findings demonstrate that the team's method is applicable not only to in vitro synthesis but also to in vivo environments.

Professor Young-Tae Chang who led the research remarked, "This marks the first successful synthesis of Cy3 molecules using formaldehyde." He continued, "Our method is not only cost-effective and highly atom-efficient, but it can also be utilized in vivo, expanding the potential applications of organic fluorophores in life sciences research and diagnostics."

The research was conducted with support from the Ministry of Science and ICT and the Glocal University 30 Project.


Story Source:

Materials provided by Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH). Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Sun Hyeok Lee, Taek-Jun Lee, Sourav Sarkar, Heewon Cho, Quynh Nguyen Nhu Pham, Young-Tae Chang. Atom Efficient Synthesis of Trimethine Cyanines Using Formaldehyde as a Single Carbon Source. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2024; DOI: 10.1002/anie.202413121

Cite This Page:

Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH). "Fluorescent molecules to illuminate life: simplified synthesis with formaldehyde." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 30 September 2024. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/09/240930123020.htm>.
Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH). (2024, September 30). Fluorescent molecules to illuminate life: simplified synthesis with formaldehyde. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 21, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/09/240930123020.htm
Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH). "Fluorescent molecules to illuminate life: simplified synthesis with formaldehyde." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/09/240930123020.htm (accessed December 21, 2024).

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