Better way to produce green hydrogen

A collaboration led by Kyriakos Stylianou of the OSU College of Science created a photocatalyst that enables the high-speed, high-efficiency production of hydrogen, used in fuel cells for cars as well as in the manufacture of many chemicals including ammonia, in the refining of metals and in making plastics.

The findings represent a potential new tool to use against greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, said Stylianou, whose research focuses on crystalline, porous materials known as metal organic frameworks, usually abbreviated as MOFs.

Made up of positively charged metal ions surrounded by organic "linker" molecules, MOFs have nanosized pores and tunable structural properties. They can be designed with a variety of components that determine the MOF's properties.

In this study, researchers used a MOF to derive a metal oxide heterojunction -- a combination of two materials with complementary properties -- to make a catalyst that, when exposed to sunlight, quickly and efficiently splits water into hydrogen.

The heterojunction, which they refer to as RTTA, features MOF-derived ruthenium oxide and titanium oxide doped with sulfur and nitrogen. They tested multiple RTTAs with different amounts of the oxides and found a clear winner.

"Among various RTTA materials, RTTA-1, with the lowest ruthenium oxide content, exhibited the fastest hydrogen production rate and a high quantum yield," Stylianou said.

In just one hour, he noted, a gram of RTTA-1 was able to produce over 10,700 micromoles of hydrogen. This process utilized photons -- light particles -- at an impressive rate of 10%, meaning that for every 100 photons that struck RTTA-1, 10 contributed to hydrogen production.

"The remarkable activity of RTTA-1 is because of the synergistic effects of the metal oxides' properties and surface properties from the parent MOF that enhance electron transfer," Stylianou said. "This study highlights the potential of MOF-derived metal oxide heterojunctions as photocatalysts for practical hydrogen production, contributing to the development of sustainable and efficient energy solutions."

Producing hydrogen by splitting water through a catalytic process is cleaner than the conventional method of deriving hydrogen from natural gas via a carbon-dioxide-producing process known as methane-steam reforming.

Current catalytic processes for producing hydrogen from water involve electrocatalysis -- running electricity through the catalyst. The sustainability of electrocatalysis depends on using renewable energy, and to be competitive in the market the energy has to be inexpensive.

Presently, methane-steam reforming produces hydrogen at a cost of about $1.50 per kilogram, compared to about $5 a kilogram for green hydrogen.

"Water is an abundant source of hydrogen, and photocatalysis offers a method to harness the Earth's abundant solar energy for hydrogen production," Stylianou said. "Ruthenium oxide is not cheap but the amount used in our photocatalyst is minimal. For industrial applications, if a catalyst shows good stability and reproducibility, the cost of this small amount of ruthenium oxide becomes less important."

The College of Science, the college's Department of Chemistry, and retired public school teachers and OSU alumni Brian and Marilyn Kleiner provided funding for the research, which was published in Angewandte Chemie.

The project was led by graduate students Emmanuel Musa, Ankit Yadav and Kyle Smith, and involved collaboration with included Xiulei "David" Ji, professor of chemistry at OSU; Peter Eschbach, director of the Electron Microscopy Facility at Oregon State's Linus Pauling Science Center; postdoctoral researcher Min Soo Jung; and courtesy faculty member William Stickle.